中国近海的环流动力机制研究

本文总结国内外对我国近海环流所作的工作,对渤海、黄海、东海和南海等环流的主要动力机制作一简述.     

渤海、黄海热结构分析

在多年观测资料基础上,以月平均风应力和周平均海表水温(SST)作为外强迫,对黄海、渤海热结构进行了数值模拟.模拟结果显示渤海的热结构特征自10月至翌年3月为水温垂直均一的冬季型;5～8月为分层结构(由上混合层、跃层、潮混合层组成)的夏季型.4月和9月为两型的过渡期,最低水温出现在2月,最高水温表层出现在8月,底层则在9～10月.黄海沿岸浅水区与渤海有相似的热结构,黄海冷水团和黄海暖流对其中央槽深水区的热结构有重要影响.对底层水的影响而言,前者夏季显著而后者冬季显著,从而导致黄海(槽)的底层水与环境相比呈现夏季冷而冬季暖的特征,底层水温基本上与表面水温的年变化反相;深水区的热结构与渤海相比,均一型结构(1～3月)变短,分层型结构(5～11月)变长,底温年变幅(5℃以内)变小,跃层强度增强.模拟结果还表明,黄海暖流的动力仍然是季风环流,而对黄海冷水团的形成和发展有无动力影响提出质疑.     

黄、东海环流的数值研究Ⅳ——斜压环流的诊断计算

基于黄、东海Lagrange环流数值模型 ,对黄、东海Lagrange斜压环流进行了诊断计算。采用流速分解法将La grange流速分解为梯度流、风海流、潮致余流、热盐环流、零阶环流耦合流 5种分量 ,实现三维计算的准二维化。计算结果较成功地模拟了冬夏两季黄、东海Lagrange环流 ,表明密度环流在冬、夏季均是东海环流的重要分量 ,可显著增强了东海黑潮、东海黑潮、台湾暖流和对马暖流 ;在夏季还是黄海环流的主要分量。     

黄海、东海表、上层实测流分析

根据迄今为止所获得的142套锚碇浮标和58套卫星跟踪漂流浮标的大范围测流资料，综合分析了黄海、东海表、上层环流。研究结果更加清晰、形象、直观地展示了黑潮及其向对马暖流的分支，台湾暖流的分叉，和黄海暖流、长江冲淡水及涡旋发达海区的若干主要特征。     

南黄海冷水域西部溶解氧垂直分布最大值现象的成因分析

重点分析了南黄海冷水域西部溶解氧(DO)垂直分布中的最大值现象,并对DO浓度与主要环境因子的相关性进行了研究.结果表明:DO垂直分布最大值现象是调查海域DO分布的显著特征,且与SCM现象相伴生;DO垂直分布的最大值深度和量值具有较为明显的区域差异;温、盐是DO最大值层以上水体中氧含量的主要控制因素;一定强度的温跃层形成之后,DO最大值层出现在跃层的下界附近,且其氧含量受控于跃层厚度和生物化学作用,并与跃层厚度呈正相关;底层较低的DO含量是底层水及沉积物中有机物分解耗氧的结果.同时,还成功解释了DO最大值处与次表层叶绿素最大值层位置不吻合且量值不相关的原因,并提出了"DO净积累效应"的观点,不仅从时间跨度以及动态的角度上对DO最大值的形成机制进行了分析,而且从理论上探讨了DO最大值层氧含量(或来源)的构成,指出自DO最大值层开始产生至观测之时该层之下、真光层以内水体中的生物化学作用(或Chl-a总产出)才与氧最大值密切相关.总体来看,水体层化和生物化学作用明显影响着夏季南黄海冷水域西部DO的垂直分布.     

南黄海海底大地电磁测深试验研究

针对南黄海盆地深层地震地质条件差,地震波受屏蔽,能量严重衰减,在海洋反射地震资料中很难识别反映中-古生界的反射地震波组,不能满足南黄海盆地前第三系油气资源前景评价的需要等问题,于2006年5月,开展了南黄海海域海底大地电磁测深试验,在盆地内五莲斜坡和胶州凹陷区布设了3个海底大地电磁测深点,取得了可靠的海底观测数据.本文详细阐述了海底大地电磁测深与常规大地电磁测深在数据处理方法上的差别,论述了海洋电磁噪声对海底大地电磁场观测的影响,提出了海底大地电磁场实测资料“水平姿态”校正、“方位”校正和“海洋电磁噪声”校正的方法.通过对试验观测资料的处理和反演,并结合地质、物性资料进行综合分析,结果表明在南黄海盆地海底以下深部还存留有古生代地层,这对于南黄海前第三系含油气前景的评价具有重要意义.试验结果也证明了海底大地电磁测深技术在研究古生代残留盆地方面的问题可以发挥相当好的作用.     

南黄海表层不同粒级沉积物中氮的地球化学特征

南黄海不同粒级沉积物中可转化氮[离子交换态氮(IEF-N)、弱酸可浸取态氮(WAEF-N)、强碱可浸取态氮(SAEF-N)、强氧化剂可浸取氮(SOEF-N)]的地球化学特征各不相同,其中SOEF-N是3种粒级沉积物中含量最高的形态,IEF-N是可转化无机氮中的主要存在形态,也是最易参与循环的形态.当同一粒级沉积物中的可转化不同形态氮都能参与循环时,它们对氮循环的相对贡献从大至小依次为SOEF-N>IEF-N>SAEF-N>WAEF-N.对于不同粒级的沉积物来说,细粒级沉积物中的可转化不同形态氮的绝对含量最高,粗粒级沉积物中不同形态氮的绝对含量最低;如果沉积物中3种粒级组分所占的份额相同,那么细粒级沉积物中可转化氮的量占总可转化氮的60%,是中粒级中的2倍,粗粒级沉积物中可转化氮的近7倍,即细粒级沉积物对氮循环的可能贡献最大.随着沉积物粒级的由粗到细,沉积物中可转化有机氮的相对含量逐渐增加,而无机氮的相对含量逐渐降低.     

Carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus stoichiometry in Japanese anchovy (Engraulis japonicus) from the Huanghai Sea, China

Generally, nutrient cycle is closely related to the element distribution in biomass and the population dynamics in ecosystems. Carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in Japanese anchovy (Engraulis japonicus) of different body lengths from the Huanghai Sea (Yellow Sea) were determined to better understand their variability and reasons during its life history. The mean content was 45.12%, 10.12% and 2.02% for C, N and P, respectively. Significant differences in C, N and P elemental composition were found among different sizes, which could be explained by varying proportions of storage compounds in whole body fish, and varying degrees of ossification. Considering abundant resources in Japanese anchovy, it was an important P-pool in the cycle of P. Moreover, the excreted N/P ratio was significantly different in fishes of different sizes, especially at high gross growth efficiency. In the past two decades, overexploitation tended to cause smaller body length in the community structure of anchovy, which presumably changed the nutrient cycle in food webs of the Huanghai Sea. Exptrapolation of the results indicates that Japanese anchovy may be important for conveying nutrient in the Huanghai Sea.     

Application of biologic silicon in modern sedimentary section to reconstruction of phytoplankton changes in the East China Sea and the Huanghai Sea during last 200 years

Biomarkers had been widely used to reconstruct phytoplankton productivity,and this method was applied in the East China Sea and the Huanghai Sea (Yellow Sea).In this study,Biologic Silicon (BSi) was used as productivity proxy to reconstruct productivity change of phytoplankton during last 200 years.The results show that the BSi contents of surficial sediments were in the range of 0.018%-2.516%,averaging 0.726%,and had a similar variation trend with phytoplankton biomass.The vertical distribution profiles revealed that BSi contents were relatively stable,in accordance with the variations of the contemporary phytoplankton standing crop index.According to the stability analysis of BSi in sediments,BSi was not degradaded for the past two hundred years and remained in sediments steadily.Thus,BSi in sediments had the potential to invert paleoproductivity.To conduct further survey,the linear regression equation between BSi contents and phytoplankton biomass index could be used to calculate the phytoplankton productivity by BSi,so that paleoproductivity may be reconstructed during last 200 years.     

Satellite observations of the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the surface water of the Huanghai Sea and the Bohai Sea

Based on 5 831 continuous in situ measurements of the partial pressure of carbon dioxide on the sea surface p(CO2),related parameters of the sea surface temperature(SST) and chlorophyll-a(Chl a) concentration in 2010 winter,spring and summer of the Huanghai Sea and the Bohai Sea,the inherent relations among them are investigated preliminarily.This study reveals that the seasonal variability of SST and Chl a concentration has a significant influence on p(CO2).The authors have proposed a new algorithm to estimate p(CO2) from SST and Chl a concentration measurements.Compared with the vessel data,the root mean square error(RMSE) of p(CO2) retrieved by using the new model is 13.45 μatm(1atm=101.325 kPa) and the relative error is less than 4%.Then,SST and Chl a concentration data observed by satellite are used to retrieve p(CO2) in the Huanghai Sea and the Bohai Sea;and a better accuracy can be obtained if the quality control for sea surface chlorophyll-a concentration observed by satellite is used.The RMSE of retrieved p(CO2) data with quality control and that without quality control are 15.82 μatm and 31.74 μatm,respectively.