2013年1月华北平原重霾成因模拟分析

2013年1月华北平原出现了罕见的重污染天气过程,并引发连续多天大范围重霾现象。利用中华人民共和国环境保护部公布的空气污染指数日值数据和气象常规观测数据,结合区域空气质量模式系统RAMS-CMAQ的模拟结果,对1月10~15日污染过程的气象要素和关键气溶胶物种时空分布特征进行了详细分析,并对灰霾成因进行了探讨。结果表明,受本次污染过程影响的区域主要分布在北京-天津-唐山、河北省中南部和山东省大部。这些地区细颗粒物(即PM2.5)日均质量浓度超过120μg m–3,且基本被灰霾覆盖,日均能见度在5~8 km之间。其中在北京、天津、石家庄和济南市及周边地区细颗粒物日均质量浓度可达250~300μg m–3,部分市区可超过300μg m–3,而日均能见度则可下降至3 km以下,形成重度灰霾。此外,对气象场的分析显示,本次污染过程期间华北平原大部分地区水平风速较多年平均值偏小约20%,且有明显逆温层覆盖,北京-天津-唐山、河北省南部和山东省北部的相对湿度则较多年平均值偏高达10%~40%。这样的气象条件不仅造成污染物易于堆积,而且有利于吸湿性粒子消光效应的快速增长,使能见度明显下降,是引发灰霾的重要因素之一。在北京地区引发灰霾的主要气溶胶物种为硫酸盐、硝酸盐和铵盐,这3种无机盐对近地面的消光贡献比率达到50%以上。其中硝酸盐的消光贡献比率最高,可达总体效应的1/4,表明在这次污染过程中除相关工业源排放外,交通源排放也是北京地区主要的污染源之一。     

华北平原一次大雾天气过程的数值模拟

应用非静力平衡中尺度模式MM5V3,模拟分析了2005年11月19-21日发生在华北平原的一次大雾天气过程.结果表明,本次大雾是发生在相对稳定的大气环流背景下的辐射雾.模拟的天气形势与实况基本一致,模拟雾在范围、强度、生消时间等方面基本反映了实际大雾的生消变化规律.近地层逆温的维持和充沛的水汽条件对雾层长时间维持起着重要作用.诊断分析表明,大雾维持期间,雾区近地面层处在弱的水汽辐合区;900 hPa以上为辐散区和负涡度区,整层大气中下沉运动占主导,大规模的下沉辐散运动有利于中低层大气增温,与近地层的辐射降温相配合,有助于边界层内形成逆温;冷暖平流的作用也有助于逆温形成;地面和大气的长波辐射冷却,是最主要的降温因子;太阳短波辐射是导致大雾减轻及日变化的主要原因.     

Changes of Accumulated Temperature, Growing Season and Precipitation in the North China Plain from 1961 to 2009

Using the high-quality observed meteorological data, changes of the thermal conditions and precipitation over the North China Plain from 1961 to 2009 were examined. Trends of accumulated temperature and negative temperature, growing season duration, as well as seasonal and annual rainfalls at 48 stations were analyzed. The results show that the accumulated temperature increased significantly by 348.5℃ day due to global warming during 1961-2009 while the absolute accumulated negative temperature decreased apparently by 175.3℃ day. The start of growing season displayed a significant negative trend of -14.3 days during 1961- 2009, but the end of growing season delayed insignificantly by 6.7 days. As a result, the length of growing season increased by 21.0 days. The annual and autumn rainfalls decreased slightly while summer rainfall and summer rainy days decreased significantly. In contrast, spring rainfall increased slightly without significant trends. All the results indicate that the thermal conditions were improved to benefit the crop growth over the North China Plain during 1961-2009, and the decreasing annual and summer rainfalls had no direct negative impact on the crop growth. But the decreasing summer rainfall was likely to influence the water resources in North China, especially the underground water, reservoir water, as well as river runoff, which would have influenced the irrigation of agriculture.     

Water, heat fluxes and water use efficiency measurement and modeling above a farmland in the North China Plain

Net radiation (Rn), water vapor flux (LE), sensible heat flux (Hs) and soil heat flux (G)were measured above a summer maize field with the eddy-covariance technique, simulation and analysis of water, heat fluxes and crop water use efficiency were made with the RZ-SHAW model at the same time in this study. The results revealed significant diurnal and seasonal variability of water vapor flux for summer maize. Most part of Rn was consumed by the evapotranspiration of the summer maize. The proportion of water vapor flux to net radiation ((LE/Rn) increased with the crop development and peaked around milk-filling stage with a value of 60%, a slightly lower than that obtained by the RZ-SHAW model. Daily evapotranspiration estimated by the model agreed with the results measured with the eddy-covariance technique, indices of agreement (IA) for hourly water vapor fluxes simulated and measured were above 0.75, root mean square errors (RMSE) were no more than 1.0. Diurnal patterns of Hs showed the shape of inverted "U" shifted to the forenoon with a maximum value around 11:30 (Beijing time), while LE exhibited an inverted "V" with a maximum value at around 13:00, about an hour later than Hs. Diurnal change of CO2showed an asymmetrical "V" curve and its maximal rates occurred at about 11:30. Variations of water use efficiency during the phonological stages of the summer maize showed a rapid increase with the photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) after sunrise, a state of equilibrium around 10:00 followed a decrease. Maximum values of water use efficiency were 24.3, and its average value ranged from 7.6 to 10.3 g kg-1.     

河北平原第四系咸水同位素组成

本文讨论了河北平原地下咸水的同位素组成。并且依据水文地质、水化学和同位素特征将咸水成因分为两种类型,即大陆盐化成因和海水成因咸水。前者δ１８Ｏ＜－７．００‰,δＤ＜－５５．０‰,３６Ｃｌ／Ｃｌ＞５７±９（×１０－１５）,１４Ｃ年龄为１０００～４０００ａ（校正）;后者δ１８Ｏ＞－７．００‰,δＤ＞－５５．０‰,δ３７Ｃｌ值接近海水值,１４Ｃ年龄大于１００００ａ（校正）,咸水中的海水百分比大于３８．０％。     

松嫩平原西部水体环境盐化机制的同位素证据

利用环境同位素D与^18O示踪的方法,分析了松嫩平原西部典型代表区—洮儿河流域水体的δD和δ^18O组成分布特征,绝大部分水样点在全球大气降水线(LMWL)上或附近,反映其具有统一的补给来源,均来源大气降水或经过轻微蒸发的地表水。少数水样点明显地偏离当地大气降水线,且分布在其下方,反映该水体受到了强烈的蒸发作用,使其δD和δ^18O同位素产生了显著的分馏而富集。本文重点研究了地下水的D盈余值“d”与TDS以及δ^19O与TDS关系,揭示了地下水的盐化作用过程,不仅与蒸发作用有关,更主要取决于水-土相互作用。证明了地表水对盐渍土的溶滤作用,是该区潜水盐化的重要机制。     

一种平原区径流计算的方法研究

平原区的水文计算在当前生态重建环境中具有重要意义.利用仿雨试验,研究地面坡度小于 3‰的平原区降雨产流的特征,稳定降雨条件下径流系数的变化规律,提出了"最大径流系数法"对平原降雨产流的计算原理,对非稳定及天然条件下的暴雨过程进行了径流计算.结果表明:(1)对仿雨实验变雨强径流计算,计算值与实测值比较相对误差平均为 6.43%;(2)对天然降雨过程的径流计算,计算实例结果误差为 5.9%和 10.9%.     

Evaluation of groundwater potential and eco-geological environment quality in Sanjiang Plain of Heilongjiang Province

Sanjiang Plain of Heilongjiang Province has become an important commodity grain base in our country after the construction of more than a century. Groundwater is the main water source for industrial and agricultural production and daily life in the area. With the large-scale development and construction in this area, there are a series of ecological and environmental geological problems, such as the reduction of groundwater resources, which seriously restricts the sustainable development of local agriculture and society as well as economy. Based on the characteristics of three-dimensional flowof groundwater in Sanjiang Plain, this paper adopts the simulation software Visual MODFLOW to evaluate groundwater exploitation potential. The results show that overall there is a certain exploitation potential of Sanjiang Plain groundwater but it is unevenly distributed, and overdraft phenomenon exists in seven farms such as Baoquanling and Chuangye. Based on analytic hierarchy process, the evaluation result of eco-geological environment quality in Sanjiang Plain shows that 94.5% of the region features good geological environment quality, medium stability and medium bearing capacity. The study can provide geological evidence for optimal allocation of water resources, land planning and regulation, and the high and stable yield of the commodity grain base in Sanjiang Plain.     

基于生态优先的水资源承载力分源评价及应用——以河北保定平原为例

水资源是保障区域发展的重要因素,是维持生态环境的关键要素.保定平原区作为京津冀地区的重要区域,其水资源承载能力对于区域生态和社会经济发展具有重要意义.本文以生态优先为基本理念,基于不同供水来源与不同用水类型的供给与利用关系,采用定额计算和线性加权目标规划相结合的方法,对保定平原区水资源承载力进行分源评价,并与地方规划相...     

淮北平原中小型湖泊鸟类多维度多样性

湿地介于陆地和水生生态系统之间,具有丰富的生态价值,湿地公园在维持生态平衡,提高鸟类多样性等方面具有重要作用。2022年3月-2023年2月,采用样点法和样线法对淮北平原地区颍州西湖国家湿地公园进行鸟类调查,通过对鸟类群落的物种多样性、分类学多样性、功能多样性和系统发育多样性4个维度多样性指数以及鸟类生态类群的分析探究湿地公园鸟类群落的时空分布格局。本轮调查共记录鸟类153种共26107只次,其中国家Ⅰ级重点保护野生动物1种,国家Ⅱ级重点保护野生动物16种;IUCN红色名录极危物种1种,易危物种2种。结果表明:春季功能丰富度、物种丰富度和香农-威纳指数在湖泊、防护林和绿化带3种生境之间差异显著,夏季湖泊生境中物种丰富度(24.67±0.94)和系统发育多样性(985.14±52.57)显著高于绿化带和防护林,秋季功能丰富度(8.24±0.90)和系统发育多样性(935.34±37.12)在湖泊中均最高,冬季湖泊香农-威纳指数(2.31±0.03)、功能丰富度(3.73±0.77)显著高于绿化带和防护林2种生境;绿化带生境中,多个多样性指数在春季最高,在冬季均达到最低水平,湖泊生境冬季的物种丰富度(25.00±0.82)、香农-威纳指数和辛普森指数(0.84±0.01)在冬季最高,夏季系统发育多样性最高;防护林生境中物种丰富度(22.67±2.87)在秋季显著高于其他3个季节。单次调查中发现并记录青头潜鸭(Aythya baeri)15只,超过东亚-澳大利西亚候鸟迁徙路线该物种种群数量的1%,达到国际重要湿地标准。结果显示秋季为该湿地公园鸟类多样性保护的重点季节,湖泊生境为该湿地公园的重点保护区域,颍州西湖国家湿地公园对迁徙及越冬水鸟具有重要生态价值,应进一步加强鸟类监测,提升其生态功能。