Sustainability in a materials world

Many adverse impacts on the environment can be directly related to the materials dispersed to the environment during processing or use, or after use as refuse and waste. Some materials, such as toxic wastes, are a major concern because they create immediate problems with longerterm effects. Gases released by major manufacturing industries can contribute to long-term regional and global problems such as acid rain or increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The use of other materials, however, appears to be more benign or strictly localized in their impacts. If the current per capita level of material consumption in the United States was achieved worldwide, it would create major stresses on both resource adequacy and the environment. In fact, stresses have been created and will continue from this consumption style (developed countries) even if others don't achieve them.Correspondence should be directed to Earle B. Amey, U.S. Geological Survey, National Center 983, Reston, Virginia 20192.     

中国居民消费水平的地域差异

建国以来我国居民消费水平的地域分布一直呈非均衡状态，地域差异显著。其中省际差异呈U字型变化，东西差异由小变大，南北差异不断缩小，而城乡差异波动性大。在地域差异构成中，东西差异突出，南北差异影响最小。地区经济发展不平衡是造成我国居民消费水平地域差异的主要原因，其次是经济体制、经济布局以及区域政策的影响。为了缩小地区差距、实现共同富裕，一方面要加快建立社会主义市场经济体制，另一方面要充分发挥政府在引导要素合理流动和调控区域发展方面的作用。     

北京市工业用水定额管理信息系统的研究

该文在分析北京市水资源现状的基础上论述了北京市工业用水定额管理的必要性和紧迫性，详细介绍了北京市工业用水定额管理信息系统的开发背景，开发方法，系统结构，系统功能，该系统采用以用户为中心的软件开发方法，在开发中把一般管理信息系统（MIS）与GIS技术以及多媒体技术有机的结合起来，提高了系统的应用范围和整体性能。     

从我国洁净煤技术展望煤田地质勘探

通过分析我国能源的消费结构,认为煤炭是今后相当长一段时间内的重要能源,但目前仍然存在着燃煤技术落后、环境污染的问题。因此,必须大力开展洁净煤技术研究。这样要求煤田地质勘探必须运用新技术进行盆地分析、煤田预测,探明适合于洁净煤技术的煤炭资源,进行煤层气的资源评价,开展煤系地层中微量元素的含量及分布规律研究,为煤炭开发、能源综合利用、环境保护提供可靠信息。     

西藏自治区居民食品消费结构与粮食对策

通过对西藏自治区700户居民抽样调查数据和有关统计资料的分析发现，西藏居民食品消费中肉类、奶类所占比重较大，高于全国平均水平。人均直接粮食消费仅269．02k，粮食消费以内地粮食为主，本地粮食在居民生活中的直接消费比重平均为42．54％；人均间接消费粮食46．02k，占粮食消费总量的13．35％，间接消费以饲料用粮为主。根据西藏人口自然增长率、居民消费结构变化和保证居民生活的基本营养，运用SEI模型分析了全区粮食供求关系，对西藏2005—2020年的粮食需求状况进行了预测。并建议西藏未来粮食政策应立足西藏实际，以发挥区域优势、促进区域经济总体发展为总目标，大力发展有西藏特色的优质青稞生产，促进全区与内地之间的互补，在本区内不宜大力强调区域粮食自给。基于此，并提出了相应的粮食发展对策。     

甘肃省水资源足迹与消费模式分析

阐述了水资源足迹的概念和计算方法,以甘肃省为例,运用产品虚拟水研究方法核算并分析了1989-2003年的水资源足迹及其变化。结果表明,1989年以来甘肃省全社会的水资源足迹总量基本稳定在220亿～240亿m3/a,总体上呈现微量的下降趋势,人口增加和消费水平提高并没有增加对水资源系统在数量上的压力。从消费模式分析看,随消费结构多样化的增加,人均虚拟水消费量呈现不断下降的趋势,因而,增加消费结构的多样性有利于减少对水资源系统的压力。讨论分析了水资源足迹核算的意义,指出了进一步研究需要注意的问题。     

Mercury exposure through fish consumption in the urban area of Alta Floresta in the Amazon Basin

This work addresses the mercury exposure scenarios through fish consumption in the urban area of Alta Floresta, by comparing the different patterns of mercury exposure from fish ingestion for different population groups. This study was based on field surveys that could provide background information, such as the characteristics of Hg sources, characteristics of local and regional environment, Hg concentrations in different media, and the characterization of the local urban population. The urban area of Alta Floresta is one of the most important gold-trading centers in Amazonia, where approximately 1 ton of gold has been commercialized monthly. The general adult urban population is exposed to low-level mercury concentration via fish consumption with an average daily intake of 0.2 μg/kg (b.w.) and an estimated hazard quotient of 0.7. However, the fishermen families present an average daily intake of 2.2 μg/kg (b.w.) and a hazard quotient of 8.6. The children of fishermen families between 5 and 14 years old are the main risk group for Hg exposure via fish ingestion. Based on the uncertainty analysis, the Hg fish concentrations and the fish ingestion rate were found to be the main parameters affecting the variability of the model outputs.     

Olive oil, the Mediterranean and the world

In the last thirty years there has been a growing interest in the use of olive oil in cooking because of greater knowledge of Mediterranean foods and an awareness of the healthy virtues of a Mediterranean diet, and particularly olive oil. In spite of this the consumption of olive oil is negligible outside the Mediterranean region, where most of the world's olive oil is produced and consumed, and which provides nearly all exports and receives a majority of the imports. This seems to be due to the very demanding climatic requirements of the olive tree and the fact that virtually all olive trees are grown in a Mediterranean-type climate. Although the olive tree was taken to areas with a similar climate during the European expansion after 1492, it has never become an important part of the diet in the Americas, in spite of the role of Mediterranean populations settling in the continent. The very high cost of olive oil compared with oilseeds has made its penetration of non-Mediterranean markets very difficult, and indeed the consumption of olive oil has declined in the face of such competition even in some of the Mediterranean countries.     

南极小红蛤生理生态学研究

本文在实验室条件下研究了南极小红蛤的摄食、呼吸和排泄。随着小红蛤的个体大小（壳长）和干重的增加，单位个体的摄食率、耗氧率、排氨率、ＭＣＲ、Ｏ／Ｎ增大，而单位干重的耗氧率、ＭＣＲ、Ｏ／Ｎ下降。本文还利用Ｏ／Ｎ比探讨了小红蛤的代谢能源机制。     

IMPACT OF CLIMATE ON SUMMER RESIDENTIAL ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION IN HONG KONG

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