2012年空调降温负荷分析

针对夏季空调降温负荷难以计量的现状,提出测算夏季空调降温负荷及降温用电量的算法模型,进而结合夏季天气情况,建立夏季降温负荷与夏季最高温度的回归模型,分析电网降温负荷的单位温升负荷.最后,以若干区域电网为例,分析各电网的空调降温负荷和单位温升负荷,可以为电网的生产运行和电力营销工作提供重要的决策参考.     

气候变暖与西安市冬季供暖的能源消耗分析

The accumulated negative temperature,the first heating date,the last heating date,heating duration,collective heating area and energy consumption for winter heating in Xi'an during 1986-2002 were comprehensively analyzed.The results show that under the global warming,winter in Xi'an became warmer and heating duration shone,With the development of economy,the area and energy consumption for collective heating increased continually.In the meantime,the energy consumption per unit area for winter heating decreased year by year,but it did not match the winter temperature well because the energy was not proportionally consumed according to the change of temperature.In order to conserve energy effectively,heating in winter should be timely adjusted according to actual temperature change.     

铁城电站坝基岩体改良固结灌浆试验实践

针对铁城电站花岗片麻岩坝基岩体特点,选定5个特征试验区,梅花形布孔进行固结灌浆试验,进而布孔检验。通过波速测试、压水试验、岩芯等多种手段来对灌浆试验效果进行系统评估。数据结果分析表明,坝基岩体的可灌性较好,主体坝基固结灌浆设计方案可行。试验同时得出一些经验,并分析提出工程建议。     

公路施工中如何开展节能降耗

总结了公路施工节能减排的有效途径,主要包括使用节能机械,加强设备管理与维护;发展温拌沥青技术,推广散装水泥;促进路面沥青、煤矸石和粉煤灰等再生资源的利用。     

大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)幼鱼同生群内不同增重性能子群间的脏器生理差异

探究引起大黄鱼幼鱼同生群内不同增重性能子群间脏器生理差异的主因, 揭示造成各子群间生存适应对策和增重机制分化的内在逻辑, 对于精选大黄鱼幼鱼优质增殖放流群体和指导大黄鱼科学高效养殖具重要现实意义。随机捞取宁波市象山西沪港海域内经板式网箱养殖3个月的3 000尾大黄鱼同生群幼鱼, 停食2d后按体质量由大到小依次分为A [体质量(3.45±0.43) g, 出现率5%]、B [体质量(2.60±0.18) g, 出现率20%]、C [体质量(2.00±0.21) g, 出现率50%]、D [体质量(1.22±0.23) g, 出现率20%]、E [体质量(0.74±0.04) g, 出现率5%]等5个子群。在测量并统计脏器比例性状(鳃系数、内脏系数、内脏净重比、鳃净重比和鳃脏比)的基础上, 较系统开展了不同增重性能子群间耗氧率、窒息点、内脏和鳃组织相关功能酶活力的差异。结果表明: (1) 鳃系数、内脏系数和日均耗氧率的显著高企(P<0.05)均可导致大黄鱼幼鱼增重性能的明显下降; (2) 耗氧昼夜节律的分化是引起大黄鱼幼鱼增重性能发生明显改变的主因, 具体表现为A、B子群的昼均耗氧率显著大于夜均耗氧率(P<0.05),以及E子群的日均耗氧率与昼均和夜均耗氧率均无显著差异(P>0.05); (3) 耗氧率性状聚类和脏器比例性状聚类分别对甄别C、E子群具良好的辨识效果; (4) 随着窒息点水中含氧量的趋势性提高, 大黄鱼幼鱼的增重性能将表露出极明显的减弱效应, 其中与E子群窒息点水中含氧量具显著差异(P<0.05)的仅为A、B子群, 呈E>A≈B; (5) 内脏消化酶和磷酸酶中, 酶活力与大黄鱼幼鱼增重性能排序吻合度最高的分别为淀粉酶和AKP,前者随增重性能增强呈趋势性增加,后者则呈A<B<C<D<E (P<0.05); ATP酶中, Ca²⁺/Mg²⁺-ATPase酶活力无组间差异(P>0.05), Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase酶活力除A显著大于D、E子群(P<0.05)外, 其余子群间均无显著差异(P>0.05); (6) 鳃SOD、CAT和POD中, 酶活力与大黄鱼幼鱼增重性能排序吻合度最高的为SOD, 呈A>B>C≈D≈E, Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase和Ca²⁺/Mg²⁺-ATPase酶活力均呈A>B≈C>D≈E。上述研究可为大黄鱼生长性能评价体系构建和指导速生品种(品系)选择育种提供科学依据。     

The accidental enterprise: Ethical consumption as commerce

Ethical consumption is routinely promoted as a form of individualised responsibility taking whereby citizen-consumers consciously engage in morally/politically directed purchasing decisions. This has been heavily critiqued as a neoliberal reduction of civic engagement to market choice. It has also been contested by way of a shift to problematizing the consumer as moral agent; where attention is drawn instead to networks of agential entities - advocacy organisations, certifying bodies, marketing discourses, retail spaces, packages, household routines, and so on - that configure consumption alternatives as practice and performance. In reflecting on these concerns, this paper qualitatively explores the enterprising (rather than consumer enactment) of the ethical. Drawing on a multifaceted, three-year study of alternative consumption in Australia, the paper attends to the framing of ethical enterprise through business language, to the often ambivalent deployment of various commercial models and marketing strategies in the doing of ethical business, and to how a contestatory commerce is being imagined, especially in terms of its relations to a politics of social and economic change and to a commercial mainstream. Informed by work on markets as pragmatically assembled and on the economy as multiple, emphasis is placed throughout this article on ethical enterprise as a space of political ambiguity and as a gesture towards an alternative commerce that displaces an understanding of ethical consumption as resting on the actions of the virtuous consumer.     

全球矿产资源需求周期与趋势

依据矿产资源需求"S"形理论原理,按照经济发展程度把全球各国划分为4四个国家集团和3个典型国家,以1950—2014年钢、铜、铅、锌消费量和GDP总量为对象,概略论述了全球资源消费的3个周期,系统分析了各国家集团在不同周期对全球资源消费增长的贡献率,以及资源需求弹性的变化规律,指出大国工业化和全球经济周期决定资源需求周期,认为当前全球矿产资源需求的低迷状态还将进一步深化,至少将延续3~5年。     

4种多环芳烃对仿刺参耗氧率和排氨率的影响研究

为探究多环芳烃(PAHs)对海洋生物的生态毒理效应,作者将仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)分别暴露于质量浓度为10、20、50、100、150μg/L的菲、三甲基菲、蒽和二甲基蒽中,检测4种代表性多环芳烃胁迫下仿刺参的耗氧率和排氨率.结果显示:在不同质量浓度多环芳烃的胁迫下,仿刺参的耗氧率均显著高...     

土壤改良对土壤水水化学及碳酸盐岩溶蚀的CO2净消耗量的影响

为研究利用滤泥与不同有机肥搭配对岩溶土壤进行改良增加无机碳汇的最佳实施方案,在果化示范区开展了滤泥、滤泥+秸秆+沼液和滤泥+秸秆+牛粪等三种土壤改良方案试验,在各个改良地和对照地埋放标准溶蚀试片和土壤水收集器,测试一年试片溶蚀速率和不同月份土壤水主要阴阳离子浓度。结果表明:滤泥中含有大量钙盐和硫酸盐,导致土壤水类型为Ca-SO4。各个改良地和对照地土壤水中参与岩溶作用的[Ca2+ +Mg2+ ]/HCO3-（当量浓度）均大于1,表明外源酸参与了土壤中碳酸盐岩溶蚀。施肥高峰期,试验区本底土壤CO2净消耗量出现负值,原因是硝化作用产生的H+与土壤水中HCO3-发生脱气作用,导致CO2从水中逸出。单施滤泥改良后,滤泥有机酸显著提高了试片溶蚀速率,但土壤水pH值降低,H+的大量存在导致脱气作用加剧,年均碳酸贡献率为-0.32,年均减少CO2净消耗量0.66 mmol·L-1。滤泥配施秸秆和牛粪引起8月脱气作用加剧,其他月份同样削弱了脱气作用,最终导致CO2年均净消耗量几乎不变。滤泥配施秸秆和沼液大大削弱了单施滤泥引起的脱气作用,同时减小了土壤中碳酸盐岩溶蚀速率的增强程度,最终导致CO2年均净消耗量增加了0.065 mmol·L-1,该方案为最佳增加无机碳汇的实施方案。      

COMMENT ON “WHO WILL FEED CHINA”

I.MR.BROWN'SMAINOPINIONMr.LesterBrown,'presidentoftheWorldWatchinstituteintheU.S.A,publishedalongicicletitledas"WhowillfeedChina"in1994(Brown,1995),whicharousedgreatresponSeSfromhomeandabroadandattractedmuchattentionfromallsides.Theadnideasofthearticleincludethefollowingthreepoints:(1)ItisestimatedthatthepopulationofChinawillincrare490whitionfrom1990tO2030,uptol,600whition;thecultivatedlandofChinaisaffectedbythemedeAnzationoftheeconomy,andisevendisap~ng;inaddition,thepotentiality…