Assessing spatial and temporal variability in water consumption and the maintainability oasis maximum area in an oasis region of Northwestern China

Water consumption is a key role in improving the efficiency and sustainability of water management in arid environments.In this study, we explored an approach based on meta-analysis, MODIS NDVI products, land-use spatial distribution, and soil water physical parameters to gain insight into long-term and large scale distribution of land use and water consumption, maintain maximum Zhangye Oasis area according to Heihe River runoff, and suitable water resource management in Zhangye Oasis. This approach was initiated in order to improve the efficiency of irrigation and water resource management in arid regions. Results showed that Heihe River runoff can maintain a maximum Zhangye Oasis area of 22.49×10~4 hm~2.During the 2000-2016 growing seasons, actual oasis water consumption ranged from 11.35×10~8 m~3 to 13.73×10~8 m~3, with a mean of(12.89 ± 0.60)×10~8 m~3; if maintaining agricultural production and oasis stability was chosen, oasis water consumption ranged from 10.24×10~8 m~3 to 12.37×10~8 m~3, with a mean of(11.62 ± 0.53)×10~8 m~3. From the perspective of water resources management and ecosystem stability, it is necessary to reduce the area of Zhangye Oasis or choose the minimum water consumption method to manage the oasis, to ease the pressure of water shortage and maintain stable and sustainable development of the Zhangye Oasis. These results can provide future practical guidance for water resource management of coordinated development of the economy and the environment in an arid area.     

Respiration partitioning in contrasting subtidal sediments: seasonality and response to a spring phytoplankton deposition

Biomass and respiration rates of bacteria, nematodes and macrobenthos were estimated in relation to the deposition of the spring phytoplankton bloom at two contrasting sites in the Southern North Sea: one with fine‐grained sediment close to the coastline and another with highly permeable sediments. Sediment community oxygen consumption (SCOC) was also measured. Bacterial biomass was relatively similar at both stations, whereas nematode and macrobenthic biomass were higher in fine‐grained sediment. In fine sediments, bacterial biomass increased quickly after deposition of the phytoplankton bloom, whereas the response of nematodes and macrobenthos was delayed. In coarser sediments, nematodes and macrobenthos also showed a fast response in terms of density and biomass. Respiration in permeable sediments was mainly dominated by bacteria at all periods of the year. Hence, nematode and macrobenthic respiration did not contribute strongly to SCOC. This is in contrast to the patterns observed in finer sediments, where both macrofauna and nematodes were important oxygen consumers as well. Macrobenthos contributed more to total SCOC than did nematodes in winter. However, shortly after the arrival of phytodetritus at the sea floor, nematodes and macrobenthos contributed equally to the total SCOC, indicating that all benthic size classes should be taken into account when investigating marine benthic respiration rates.     

4种对虾耗氧率、CO_2排出量、呼吸商和窒息点的研究（英文）

较系统研究了斑节对虾、墨吉对虾、日本对虾和刀额新对虾等４种对虾的耗氧率、ＣＯ２排出量、呼吸商和窒息点。结果表明,同一种类不同大小和不同种类及生活习性不同,耗氧率、ＣＯ２排出量、呼吸商和窒息点有较大的差别。日本对虾、刀额新对虾的耗氧率、ＣＯ２排出量比其他两种虾低。墨吉对虾次之,斑节对虾为最高。对ＤＯ忍受能力,刀额新对虾最强,在ＤＯ０．６０ｍｇ／Ｌ才开始出现窒息。斑节对虾次之,在ＤＯ降至０．８８ｍｇ／Ｌ出现窒息。墨吉对虾在ＤＯ１．１９ｍｇ／Ｌ出现窒息。日本对虾忍受ＤＯ能力最差,在以ＤＯ１．３１ｍｇ／Ｌ出现窒息。     

THE DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS OF BACTERIA,ATP AND THE RELATIONS WITH RESPIRATION RATES AND PHYTOPLANKTON IN THE CHANGJIANG ESTUARY AND ITS ADJACENT EAST CHINA SEA

Two cruises were conducted in January and July 1986 in the Changjiang (Yangtse River) Estuary and its adjacent East China Sea (30°45′ -32°00′N,121°00′-124°00′E). Direct epifluorescence counts of planktonic bacteria and determinations of ATP concentrations were made. Subsamples were taken for measurement of oxygen consumption rates and chlorophyll concentrations.Bacteria and ATP concentrations were higher in summer than in winter, highest in the river and the river mouth, and gradually lower offshore. The bacteria number was correlated positively with suspended matter, nitrates and oxygen consumption rates, and negatively with salinity.In winter bacteria were the main contributors of ATP and the main consumers of dissolved oxygen in the whole studied area. In summer two maxima of ATP were found along the salinity gradient. The first one which coincided with the peak of turbidity near the river mouth was attributed to bacte -ria, and the second which occurred in the waters with a salinity range be     

西北地区水资源现状与可持续利用对策的探讨

中国的水资源问题在西北地区尤为突出。西北地区生态环境脆弱，资源丰富，如何在发展经济的同时实现人与自然的和谐共处，已成为人们日益关心的话题。随着国家西部大开发战略的进一步推进，特别是实施西部大开发的近5年，切实采取有效措施以实现西部地区水资源的可持续利用，已经逐渐成为人们的共识。从分析西北地区水资源现状入手，分析西北地区水资源的特点，并据此提出西北地区水资源可持续利用对策：（1）加大地下水资源勘查力度，查清水资源储量；（2）综合利用，科学规划，加强水资源的合理配置与调控；（3）开源与节流并举，尤其要重视节流；（4）充分利用天然地下库容调蓄水资源；（5）完善相关法律和法规的建设，强化监督管理，加强和完善水资源法规建设，建立健全水资源管理体系。通过以上措施的实施将有利于解决西北地区水资源的严重匮缺问题。     

旅游消费对区域经济贡献的研究

旅游消费对区域经济贡献是旅游经济的一个重要方面。旅游经济系统是一个具有网络结构的输入输出系统。文章在旅游实际消费和乘数理论的基础上,研究了旅游消费对区域经济贡献的空间差异、产业差异和总体贡献。     

Experiences of vulnerable households in low-attention disasters: Marshalltown,Iowa (United States) after the EF3 Tornado

Tornados are among natural hazards that many towns in the Midwest region of the United States (US) experience frequently, sometimes with relatively overwhelming impacts and little attention and resources from media or government entities. Low-attention disasters that affect vulnerable populations create unique recovery challenges that are rarely addressed in the disaster literature. This paper presents a qualitative case study of impacts and recovery of housing in Marshalltown, Iowa, US after an EF3 Tornado in 2018 which affected a large portion of the town, in particular neighborhoods with high concentration of immigrant, low-income households in old and poorly maintained housing. Our analyses highlight the long-term challenges created by delayed and unsuccessful recovery of housing as a result of the intersection of pre-disaster social and physical vulnerability and inadequate housing recovery policy.     

Oxygen consumption in the shrimp,Palaemonetes pugio,exposed to fluctuating temperatures and food contaminated with the diaromatic petroleum hydrocarbon,dimethylnaphthalene

Oxygen consumption rates (V?o₂) in the grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio were determined after a 32 day exposure to fluctuating temperatures (FT) (18–22°C) and/or dimethylnaphthalene (DMN)-contaminated food (0·24 μg DMN g wet wt^?1) and again after a 16 day recovery period of stable temperatures (20°C) and uncontaminated food. Ingestion of DMN-contaminated food for 32 days resulted in elevated V?>o₂ in shrimp exposed to declining oxygen concentrations. After the 32 day exposure period, FT had no significant effect on V?o₂ at 15, 20 and 25°C, tissue V?o₂ and V?o₂ in declining oxygen. Hemolymph copper concentrations were significantly depressed in shrimp exposed to DMN-contaminated food. After the 16 day recovery period, shrimp from the FT regime exhibited depressed V?o₂ when exposed to 25°C but not to 15°C. These depressed respiratory rates were offset by the stimulatory effect of DMN-contaminated food.These respiration studies were generally unproductive in explaining the previously reported effects of FT and DMN-contaminated food on the survival of P. pugio under hypoxic conditions.     

生态城市建设对策研究

以创建生态城市为突破口,提出了一系列切实可行的具体对策和措施.即,政府努力为生态城市建设创造良好的外部环境,企业及早将生态环境保护纳入决策层议事日程,市民积极参与生态城市的创建活动,等等.