A study to explain the emission of nitric oxide from a marsh soil

In the period 18–21 September 1989, soil NO emission was studied at Halvergate Marshes, Norfolk (U.K.) within the framework of the BIATEX-LOVENOX joint field experiment. Using a dynamic chamber technique, 186 measurements at four plots were performed showing a net NO flux of 7.2–14.6×10^–12 kgN m^–2 s^–1. Soil samples from a soil profile (1.0 m) at a representative site and from the uppermost layer (0.1 m) of each of the four plots were sent to the laboratory for (a) detailed physical and chemical soil analysis, (b) determination of NO production rates, NO uptake rate constants, and NO compensation mixing ratios, and (c) characterization of the microbial processes involved. A diffusive model (Galbally and Johansson, 1989) was applied to the laboratory results to infer NO fluxes of the individual soil samples. When we compared these fluxes with those measured in the field, we found agreement within a factor 2–4. Furthermore, laboratory studies showed, that NO was produced and consumed only in the upper soil layer (0–0.1 m depth) and that the NO production and consumption activities observed in the Halvergate marsh soil were most probably due to the anaerobic metabolism of denitrifying bacteria operating in anaerobic microniches within the generally aerobic soil.     

新疆能源工业发展战略初探

能源是人类赖以生存和社会经济发展的物质基础与重要支柱。能源利用的每一次突破，都会把人类社会推向更高的发展阶段。抓住我国能源战略西移的大好机遇，依托得天独厚的能源资源，确立并实施新疆能源工业发展战略，是促进全疆国民经济快速、高效、健康、持续发展的重要保证.     

新疆主要城市的采暖与制冷度日数:Ⅰ.空间变化特征

利用日最高和日最低气温值计算了新疆16个主要城市6种基准温度下的年和季采暖与制冷度日数,并对其空间分布特征进行了分析。结果表明,基准温度18℃下,新疆16个城市的多年平均年采暖度日数在2007.3~5216.5℃之间;新疆16个主要城市的制冷度日数比较低,基准温度24℃下的多年平均年制冷度日数位于25.9~746.4℃.d之间。采暖度日数随基准温度的增大而增大,制冷度日数随基准温度的增大而变小。多年平均年采暖度日数随纬度、经度和海拔的升高而增大;多年平均年制冷度日数随纬度和经度的变化趋势不明显,但随高度的增加而明显变小。     

RELIGIOUS AFFILIATION AND ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION IN THE UNITED STATES*

ABSTRACT. Levels of alcohol consumption are a major public health issue. This study aims to gain a better understanding of how geographical patterns of religious affiliation in the United States relate to geographical patterns of alcohol consumption. We explored state‐level correlations between alcohol consumption and religious adherence. Although we found no statistically significant correlation between overall religious adherence rates and current or binge drinking rates, states with higher adherence rates were significantly more likely to have high proportions of binge drinking among current drinkers. Yet, regionally, we found a strong inverse correlation in the Southeast and a strong positive correlation in the Midwest and Northeast between adherence rates and current and binge drinking rates. These geographical differences were largely explained after stratifying by major religious denominational groupings. States with high Catholic adherence rates tended to have higher drinking rates, whereas states with high Evangelical Protestant adherence rates tended to have lower drinking rates. These findings suggest that the relationship between religion and alcohol may be denomination‐specific and challenge the lay perception that religious adherence per se is associated with less alcohol consumption and less excessive drinking among those who drink.     

水压拆除爆破的几点体会

文章通过几项实例,指出在进行水压爆破施工确定药量和药包分布、布置时要充分考虑构筑物的结构与形状特点,并根据其特点对计算参数值要予以相应调整,同时还指出单位体积药量值随构筑物长宽比的不同而变化,可为类似工程施工提供参考。     

AMERICAN ROADS,ROADSIDE AMERICA*

ABSTRACT. Federal support for planning and building roads provided an opportunity to create a new kind of place, the American roadside. The roadside grew up beside the public road as a distinct private space, yet the two were linked as road travelers came to depend on the services provided by people who lived at the road's edge. Federal road-improvement legislation brought discipline to the surveying, construction, and configuration of roads. But roadside structures remained largely the creation of local people, who built a vernacular landscape that was undisciplined and in strong contrast to the road's regimentation. The roadside became a new kind of space occupying the unstable zone between the discipline of the road and the informality of the countryside, a spatial contradiction that gave license to a new, free-wheeling, mercantile logic, an improvisational departure from the staid formality of Main Street.     

遗迹相及其古环境的意义

遗迹相是指一组具有特征的遗迹化石组合,在一段相当长的地质时期中不断的重视以及它们的环境意义。本文结合中国实例指出7个常见和通用的遗迹相及其沉积环境。浊积岩或复理石沉积中含有Nereites遗迹相,文内列举了目前已知的中国10个复理石产地,证明它们主要分布在两个板块构造单元的对接（消减）带。     

我国铜工业发展面临的问题与对策

目前，我国精铜消费水平飞速提升，国内产量快速增长，进口贸易空前壮大。企业竞争能力在增强，但同时铜工业也面临许多问题。需要制订一些行业对策，加快铜矿业的发展，认真在国际市场建立长期稳定的原料供应渠道，充分发挥我国巨大铜消费市场优势，企业联合统一进口原料，减少价损。加快铜工业结构调整，使之能持续、稳定、健康发展。     

Africa’s middle class: building houses and constructing identities in the small town of Buea,Cameroon

Across Africa households are commissioning new domestic buildings for their own use or to rent out rather than waiting for governments to supply urban shelter. We conceptualize this as two interwoven processes: building houses for a new middle class and the building of a new middle class identity. We draw particular attention to the impact of international migration on these processes. The paper uses quantitative data from building permits and qualitative data from 29 interviews and walk-round tours with homeowners and government officials in Buea, Cameroon. Despite some significant caveats (related to housing the urban poor, regulating building standards, and lost local government revenue), we argue that these individually initiated building projects do a reasonable job of meeting local demand for shelter. However, from the perspective of identity-building these buildings are less successful. Whilst homeowners take considerable pride in their building projects, the statements that these structures make about their identities are not always “read” by their neighbours in the way owners hope. New housing is the lens through which Buea’s residents interpret growing levels of inequality and its associated social tensions.     

Fundamental considerations for the design of non-linear viscous dampers

An Erratum has been published for this article in Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics 2000; 29(7):1076. Two interrelated issues related to the design of non-linear viscous dampers are considered in this paper: structural velocities and equivalent viscous damping. As the effectiveness of non-linear viscous dampers is highly dependent on operating velocities, it is important to have reliable estimates of the true velocity in the device. This should be based on the actual relative structural velocity and not the commonly misused spectral pseudo-velocity. This is because if spectral pseudo-velocities (PSV) are used, they are based on design displacements (S_v=ω₀S_d) and are thus fundamentally different from the actual relative structural velocity. This paper examines the difference between these two velocities, and based on an extensive study of historical earthquake motions proposes empirical relations that permit the designer to transform the well-known spectral pseudo-velocity to an actual relative structural velocity for use in design. Non-linear static analysis procedures recommended in current guidelines for the design of structural systems with supplement damping devices are based on converting rate-dependent device properties into equivalent viscous damping properties based on an equivalent energy consumption approach. Owing to the non-linear velocity dependence of supplemental devices, an alternative approach for converting energy dissipation into equivalent viscous damping is advanced in this paper that is based upon power consumption considerations. The concept of a normalized damper capacity (ϵ) is then introduced and a simple design procedure which incorporates power equivalent linear damping based on actual structural velocities is presented. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.