中国2000年水足迹的初步计算分析

水足迹是指在一定的物质生活水平下,维持一定人群消费所需要的总的水资源数量.由于考虑了社会经济系统中虚拟水的消费量,水足迹真实地反映了一个地区人类消费对水资源的占有情况,为水资源科学管理提供了非常有用的信息.引入水足迹的概念和计算方法,分析了中国各省2000年人均水足迹.结果表明,西北部省份水足迹较大,南部和中东部省份水足迹较小,青海省水足迹最大,其值为935.75 m3·(人·a)-1,广西水足迹最小,其值为466.31 m3·(人·a)-1.全国平均水足迹为601 m3·(人·a)-1.分析了几个典型省份水足迹的构成,并探讨了降低水足迹以缓解水资源压力的几条途径.     

Effect of reproductive state and sex on movement and food consumption of western rock lobster (Panulirus cygnus) in a tank environment

The catchability of western rock lobsters (Panulirus cygnus) during the spawning season (October and November) may be affected by their reproductive state. In this study, movement and food consumption of males and females of different reproductive states held in laboratory tanks were measured as proxies for catchability. Density of lobsters was found to influence both movement and food consumption. Solitary animals and, to a lesser extent, two lobsters per tank, were more sedentary and consumed significantly less food than animals at a density of three or four specimens per tank. Tests using three animals per tank confirmed that mature, unmated, and ovigerous females carrying early stage eggs moved more frequently away from their shelters than males or females carrying late stage eggs (P < 0.0001, d.f. = 3). Further, unmated females and females with early stage eggs recorded significantly higher food consumption (P < 0.0061, d.f. = 3) compared with males or females carrying late stage eggs. The greater time spent away from shelter and also food consumption make unmated females and females with early stage eggs likely to be more catchable than males or females with late stage eggs. As catchability is commonly used to obtain population estimates from survey data, these results have implications for surveys which use catch rates of breeding animals as indicators of egg production.     

Is there a link between deep‐sea biodiversity and ecosystem function?

Studying the diversity‐ecosystem function relationship in the deep sea is of primary importance in the face of biodiversity loss and for our understanding of how the deep sea functions. Results from the first study of diversity‐ecosystem function relationships in the deep sea (Danovaro et al. 2008; Current Biology, 18, 1–8) are unexpected and show an exponential relationship between deep‐sea nematode diversity and ecosystem function and efficiency, although this relationship appears largely restricted to relatively low diversities [ES(51) <25]. Here, we investigate the relationship between nematode diversity and several independent measures/proxies of ecosystem function (sediment community oxygen consumption, bacterial biomass, bacterial extracellular enzyme activity) and efficiency (ratio of bacterial/nematode carbon to organic C content of the sediment) on the New Zealand continental slope. Nematode diversity at our study sites was relatively high [ES(51) = 30–42], and there was no relationship between species/functional diversity and ecosystem function/efficiency after accounting for the effects of water depth and food availability. Our results are consistent with a breakdown of the exponential diversity‐function relationship at high levels of diversity, which may be due to increased competition or greater functional redundancy. Future studies need to take into account as many environmental factors and as wide a range of diversities as possible to provide further insights into the diversity‐ecosystem function relationship in the largest ecosystem on Earth.     

盐度对近江牡蛎耗氧率、排氨率、O:N 和吸收率的影响

以半现场流水槽法研究了不同盐度(5、10、15、20、25、30、35)对近江牡蛎(Crassostrea hongkongensis)耗氧率、排氨率、O:N、吸收率的影响,并测定了盐度为20条件下牡蛎耗氧率和排氨率的周日变化.结果表明,近江牡蛎耗氧率、排氨率、O:N先随着盐度的升高而下降,在20左右降到最低,随着盐度继续上升,又升高;而近江牡蛎的吸收率先随着盐度的升高而升高,在20左右达到最高,然后随盐度升高而下降.根据数据得出耗氧率与盐度的拟合方程: y=0.0033x2-0.1161x+1.5523, R2=0.9018;排氨率与盐度:y=0.0001x2-0.0041x+0.0871, R2=0.9889;O:N与盐度:y=0.0016x3-0.0782x2+0.9051x+10.818, R2=0.955;吸收率与盐度: y=-0.0011x2+0.0399x+0.4393.R2=0.9453.一日内,8时、14时、19时、22时4个时间点,近江牡蛎耗氧率和排氨率变化较大,在14时最大,表明该时点其代谢活动最强.     

钢管混凝土柱带钢板耗能键组合剪力墙抗震研究

提出了连排钢管混凝土柱带钢板耗能键组合剪力墙,它由钢管混凝土连排柱、柱间钢板耗能键、钢板耗能键外包混凝土条带三种单元组合而成。进行了4个不同设计参数试件的低周反复荷载试验研究。分析了各试件的承载力、刚度及其退化过程、滞回特性、延性和破坏特征,探讨了分灾耗能机制。研究表明:连排钢管混凝土柱带钢板耗能键组合剪力墙,承载力较大,后期刚度较稳定;混凝土条带在开裂与闭合过程中消耗地震能量,钢板耗能键通过弯剪变形消耗地震能量,钢管与混凝土条带共同工作协同耗能,具有良好的抗震耗能机制;这种新型组合剪力墙具有较强综合抗震耗能能力。     

深水半潜式平台锚链倾角监测的自容式传感器的设计

深水半潜式平台系泊锚链的倾角变化是评价平台系泊状态与锚链受力的重要指标,是半潜式平台重要的监测内容。目前,深水锚链的测量主要是采用自容式的传感器,针对其水下长时间测量的应用特点,要求它的设计必须具有低功耗、高可靠性、大存储量、体积小、防水耐压等指标。根据我国南海流花平台的锚链监测需要,设计与制作了专用的水下自容式倾角传感器,并在实际应用中进行了检验。     

不同收入水平的城市居民生活消费生态足迹测算与对比——以河南省开封市为例

本文运用生态足迹的理论和方法,以2009年开封市3个不同收入居民消费水平生活小区为例,采用居民生物资源和能源消费调查问卷数据,定量分析了2009年开封市不同收入水平小区居民的生活消费生态足迹。根据板桥小区、康平小区、龙成花园3 个小区的调查资料,分别计算了3个小区的生物资源消费和能源消费的生态足迹。结果表明:① 从3个小区人均生态足迹来看,总体上能源消耗的生态足迹较大;② 从3个小区居民生物消费的生态足迹来看,猪肉的人均生态足迹最大,奶制品次之,肉类食品和奶制品的生产需要较多的土地面积;③ 通过分析3个小区不同类型的人均生态足迹,板桥小区化石燃料用地和建筑用地所占的比重最大,其次是耕地和草地;收入消费水平越高的居民,生态足迹越大,收入消费水平越低的居民,生态足迹越小。证实了高收入水平居民对生态以及资源的占用程度要远远大于低收入水平居民,造成居民生态占用以及碳排放的不公。最后,提出了有针对性的对策建议。     

河北平原冬小麦播种面积收缩及由此节省的水资源量估算

以河北平原1998-2010 年11 地市的农业统计数据和22 个气象站点的逐日气温、降水量、水汽压、风速、日照时数和相对湿度等资料为基础,对该地区冬小麦播种面积的收缩情况及由此引发的耕作制度变化进行了分析;同时,结合作物系数法和逐旬有效降水量法,计算了不同耕作制度下的水分亏缺量,进而估算了该地区因耕作制度变化节省的水资源量。结果表明:① 该时段河北平原11 地市冬小麦的播种面积均呈收缩趋势,总面积下降了16.07%,约49.62×10⁴ hm²。京津唐城市群表现最为明显,下降了47.23%;② 冬小麦的降水满足率仅为20%~30%,而春玉米和夏玉米均为50%以上;冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟制所需的灌溉水资源量为400~530 mm,而春玉米一年一熟制仅为160~210 mm;③ 该时段河北平原因冬小麦播种面积收缩而节省的灌溉水资源量约为15.96×10⁸ m³/a,相当于南水北调中线一期工程为京津冀三省市供水量的27.85%。     

石羊河中游径流损耗特征及其影响因素

以石羊河中游为研究区域,分析了1956-2009年的径流损耗特征,通过相对损耗率和Fisher最优分割法等确定了人类活动对径流损耗的显著影响拐点为1975年,明确了人类活动影响下的径流突变点,修正了当前研究的不足。根据人类活动对径流影响的方式及强度,将近50多年的径流损耗划分为4个阶段,定量与定性相结合分析了1956-2009年不同代际的自然因素和人文因素对径流损耗的影响量和贡献率。结果表明:人类活动对石羊河中游径流损耗的影响于20世纪70年代中期以后显著增加;2000年之前人文因素贡献率不断增加,自然因素贡献率相应减少,且自然因素影响量与出山径流显著相关。20世纪90年代以来,人类活动与自然过程导致的径流损耗贡献率持平,1995-1999年人类活动影响量达到6.33亿m³/a,上游来水量的 62.31%被人类直接消耗,此时径流损耗的人文因素贡献率达最大值71.52%;之后开始逐渐降低,表明近年来石羊河中游人水系统矛盾有趋于缓和的迹象。     

中国东部玄武岩风化土壤的粘土矿物及碳 汇地球化学研究

     玄武岩风化是大气CO2 的一个主要碳汇过程,气候条件是影响玄武岩风化和固碳速率的重要因素。该文选择中国东 部不同气候带的新生代玄武岩典型风化剖面,进行了粘土矿物和常量元素分析。结果显示,在内蒙古-海南岛的采样区间内, 随着气候条件由干冷向暖湿转化,风化剖面中粘土矿物组合呈现蒙脱石+ 伊利石+ 高岭石→蒙脱石+ 高岭石→高岭石+ 三水 铝石的转变。剖面中土壤元素得失状况也显示出相应的规律,由于存在粉尘输入与风化淋滤作用的综合影响,在干冷的内 蒙古地区,粉尘对于Ca,K,Na,Si 等元素的输入量大于这些元素的淋失量;在山东地区,Ca,K,Na 元素开始快速淋失, 大于粉尘的输入量;在苏皖地区,Si 元素的淋失量开始小于粉尘输入量;而在湿热的海南地区,风化作用强烈,Si显示出 大量淋失的特点,碱性元素几乎全部流失。根据元素的相对得失率和北方粉尘平均组分的校正,初步估算了研究区内玄武 岩风化对大气CO2 的消耗速率,其数值在5.37~181.00 t（km2·a）之间,与Dessert 等（2003）的研究结果大致相当。