Profoundly entwined ecosystem services,land-use change and human well-being into sustainability management in Yushu,Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Journal of Geographical Sciences - The nexus exploration among land use/land cover change, ecosystem services and human well-being has been increasingly crucial in the context of Future Earth....     

陆面模式SSiB耦合TOPMODEL对流域水文模拟影响的数值试验

为了检验陆面模式SSiB耦合TOPMODEL模型对流域水量平衡模拟结果的影响,用原始SSiB与TOPMODEL按饱和区和非饱和区两种方案耦合的耦合模型(下称SSiBT)进行长江下游青弋江流域水文的数值试验,通过耦合模型与原始SSiB模式模拟结果的比较,并利用流域实测逐日流量和水量平衡资料,揭示了流域水文模拟结果对SSiB耦合TOPMODEL的响应和原因.结果表明:(1)与原始SSiB的模拟结果相比,SSiBT增加了土壤湿度的模拟结果和各层土壤湿度之间的差异,流域蒸散发增加而总径流减小.(2)原始SSiB不能准确地将径流在地表径流和基流之间分配,对于较小的土壤饱和导水率,原始SSiB产生过多的地表径流和洪峰流量;对于较大的土壤饱和导水率又产生过多的基流和明显偏小的洪峰流量.(3)即使土壤饱和导水率大到不会产生超渗产流,由于饱和区的存在,SSiBT在洪水期间也能产生足够大的地表径流,从而形成洪峰流量.由于考虑了地形引起的土壤湿度空间非均匀形成的饱和区产流,SSiBT改善了雨季逐日流量的模拟结果.     

环太湖地区土地利用变化的局地气候效应

利用WRF模式和1985年、2005年环太湖区域的土地利用资料,模拟了环太湖区域土地利用变化的局地气候效应,并从陆面过程的角度进行了分析。模拟结果显示：城市扩张区域净短波辐射通量增多,地面温度升高,感热通量增大,潜热通量减小。近地面水平风场在城市化地区风速减小,在城市化带方向上形成狭长的动能衰减区域。湖陆风和城市热岛环流增强,城市化地区向上垂直速度增大,积云性降水增多。老城区和郊区下沉运动增强,对流受到抑制,积云性降水减少。层云降水的改变,集中在层云降水的大值区,且多呈带状分布。总降水在城市化区域增强,在老城区和郊区减少,积云性降水占总降水的比值增大。在土地利用没有变化的区域,降水的改变与地表能量通量的改变在空间分布上大致吻合。     

2020年春季中国北方一次扬沙天气过程微气象学与沙尘输送特征

利用内蒙古科尔沁沙地和沈阳地区同步气象要素梯度观测和地面大气颗粒物(PM_2.5和PM₁₀)质量浓度观测资料, 分析了中国北方地区2020年5月10日一次大范围扬沙天气过程微气象学和沙尘输送特征。结果表明: 受大尺度天气系统影响, 此次沙尘天气过程中科尔沁沙地不同高度(< 20 m)风速均明显增加, 各层相对湿度和浅层地表含水量有所降低, 较强湍流动力作用配合干燥的土壤和大气环境有利于沙源地区地表大量的沙尘粒子释放到大气中。此后这些沙尘粒子随较强的西北气流集中在2—3 km以下高度向下游地区输送。受沙尘输送的影响, 沈阳地区10日小时平均PM₁₀浓度最高达817 μg·m^-3, 能见度减小至3.7 km。此外, 科尔沁沙地起沙过程中能见度与摩擦速度存在明显的反相关关系(相关系数R²=0.93), 与湍流动力学热通量相关性相对较小, 表明湍流动力作用在此次起沙过程占主导作用。     

Predicting climate anomalies:A real challenge

过去几十年,气候变化和极端气候事件造成的经济损失和灾害显著增加.虽然全球的科学家在理解和预测气候变异方面做出了巨大的努力,但当前在气候预测领域仍然存在几个重大难题.2020年,依托于国家自然科学基金基础科学中心项目的气候系统预测研究中心(CCSP)成立了,该中心旨在应对和处理气候预测领域的三大科学难题:厄尔尼诺-南方涛动(ENSO)预测,延伸期天气预报,年际-年代际气候预测,并为更加准确的气候预测和更加有效的灾害防御提供科学依据.因此,本文介绍了CCSP的主要目标和面对的科学挑战,回顾了CCSP在季风动力过程,陆-气相互作用和模式开发,ENSO变率,季节内振荡,气候预测等方面已取得的重要研究成果.未来CCSP将继续致力于解决上述领域的关键科学问题.     

Impact of land surface roughness on downslope windstorm modelling in the Arctic

The article considers the reasons for the underestimation of the wind speed by the WRF-ARW model when simulating downslope windstorms in the Russian Arctic. Simulation results for the Tiksi windstorm, for which sensitivity tests were carried out, appeared to be weakly dependent on the initial and boundary conditions, topography resolution, and boundary layer parameterization. Wind speed underestimation was mostly related to improper land use and the highly overestimated roughness length, which are used in the model. Reduction of the roughness length in accordance with the observations leads not only to a quantitative change in the wind speed in the boundary layer, but to qualitative changes in the dynamics of the flow. Wind underestimation in simulations with the overestimated roughness was caused by the jet stream unrealistically jumping over the lee slope and wake formation in the station area, while jet stream stayed near the surface and propagated to the station area in simulations with the modified roughness length. Modification of land use and roughness length in Tiksi and other regions where downslope windstorms are observed (Novaya Zemlya, Pevek, Wrangel Island) led to a decrease in wind speed modelling error by more than 2.5 times.     

Pathways to human well-being in the context of land acquisitions in Lao PDR

Land acquisitions are transforming land-use systems globally, and their characteristics and impacts on human well-being have been extensively analysed through local case studies and regional or global inventories. However, national-level analysis that is crucial for national policy on sustainable agricultural investments and land use is still lacking. This paper conducts an archetype analysis of a unique dataset on land concessions in Lao PDR to provide a national-scale assessment of the impacts of land acquisitions on human well-being in 294 affected villages. The results show that land acquisitions influence human well-being through 18 distinct pathways. These pathways describe how some land acquisitions enhance or maintain well-being, while others elicit adverse impacts or trade-offs between well-being dimensions, particularly food security, income, and livelihood resilience. They further reveal five archetypical processes that mediate the effects of land acquisitions on well-being through: (i) shifting access to land and natural resources; (ii) commercialization of agriculture; (iii) availability of development opportunities; (iv) environmental impacts; and (v) employment opportunities within and outside land acquisitions. These processes affect well-being by shaping livelihood portfolios and dependence on natural resources. The majority of land acquisitions trigger trade-offs or adverse impacts on well-being. The small number of villages where well-being increased despite the presence of land acquisitions were mainly shaped by narrow and rigid preconditions. The archetypical processes and the explanatory factors suggest that it is imperative to protect smallholders’ land-use rights and to avoid large-scale deals, as their adverse impacts outweigh opportunities and are more severe than the impacts of small-scale acquisitions. Employment opportunities may provide additional cash income but should not be exclusively relied upon.     

内蒙古阿鲁科尔沁旗陶海营子剖面 林西组化石新发现

大兴安岭地区上二叠统林西组一直笼统地被划归为上二叠统,目前仍旧缺少更进一步的划分对比意见.阿鲁科尔沁旗陶海营子剖面是林西组的典型剖面之一.剖面实测过程中,在多个层位均发现有孢粉、植物、叶肢介、双壳化石,其中孢粉化石为首次发现.孢粉化石为Kraeuselisporites spinulosus-Alisporites communis组合,叶肢介化石为Palae olimnadia-C yc lotunguzites组合.综合研究孢粉、叶肢介等门类化石的组合特征,认为该剖面林西组可与新疆吉木萨尔大龙口剖面的梧桐沟组—锅底坑组中下部进行对比,时代为晚二叠世晚期.     

贵州省喀斯特地区土地退化与生态重建研究进展

喀斯特地区环境独特、生态脆弱，一直是科学界关注的热点地区。早期的研究多集中在喀斯特地区的水文、地质和地球化学等领域。近10多年来，喀斯特地区的土地退化乃至石漠化的问题日益严重，人类活动对生态的压力逐渐成为人们关注的焦点。我国西南喀斯特地区是世界上最大的喀斯特连续带，贫困人口集中，人口压力大，经济落后，土地退化严重，人地矛盾异常尖锐，如何开展生态建设、促进社会经济发展，成为西部大开发中最为紧迫的任务之一。贵州省是西南喀斯特地区的典型代表，部分地区已经失去了依靠自身力量进行生态恢复和发展的可能性，因而需要在科学研究的基础上，制定合理的规划和管理措施，针对性的增加外部投入，进行生态重建。对生态重建的理论、方法、技术和模式进行了总结，认为喀斯特地区土地退化是区域人地复杂巨系统结构损害和功能紊乱的集中表现，片面的环境保护和单独的生态治理工程无法解决这个系统问题，区域的生态重建需要采用系统科学的思路。在此基础上，提出喀斯特地区土地退化和生态重建研究中需要深入研究的一些问题。     

基于植被指数和土地表面温度的干旱监测模型

干旱是一种周期性发生的自然现象,其发生过程中有关参数如地表覆盖度、温度和土壤表层含水量等可以通过遥感的途径进行定量反演,而这些参数客观地反映了地表的综合特征。综述了运用遥感反演产品---土地表面温度和归一化植被指数在干旱监测中的应用前景和进展,分析了距平植被指数、条件植被指数、条件温度指数和归一化温度指数等干旱监测方法的优缺点,在前人研究的基础上,提出了条件植被温度指数的干旱监测模型,探讨了其应用前景。