九寨沟景区某崩塌点稳定性分析及治理方案

以九寨沟景区某崩塌灾害点为例,通过野外地质调查,查明崩塌灾害点的危岩体特征和类型。系统分析了结构特征及变形破坏模式以及稳定性的影响因素。通过传递系数法计算了两处危岩带在天然、地震和暴雨3种工况下的稳定性系数,计算结果显示两处危岩带在地震工况下为稳定状态,天然和暴雨工况下呈欠稳定状态。采用数值模拟软件Rocfall模拟该崩塌点落石运动特征。根据计算结果,对该处崩塌点的防治提供了建议。     

重庆合川区地质遗迹景观资源评价

按照地质遗迹分类标准划分了重庆合川区的地质遗迹类型,选用层次分析法(AHP)对典型地质遗迹景观资源进行了定量评价和对比评价研究。评价研究表明:马门溪龙化石、地层剖面、斗牛石等地质遗迹景观资源均具有较高的科研科普和观赏价值,为合川区地质遗迹的开发与规划提供了佐证。     

贵州都匀下泥盆统蟒山群Zosterophyllum australianum(澳大利亚工蕨)新材料及其古地理意义*

Zosterophyllum(工蕨属)是早期陆生植物的代表性类群之一,全球广泛分布。Z.australianum(澳大利亚工蕨)产自华南和澳大利亚,是东北冈瓦纳古植物地理区系的典型分子。文中描述了产自贵州都匀包阳剖面蟒山群中的Z.australianum新材料。该标本的孢子囊具短柄,呈椭圆形或扇形,宽2.6~4.1 mm,高可达3.9 mm,加厚带宽约0.6 mm,紧密螺旋排列形成孢子囊穗,与云南文山早泥盆世坡松冲植物群中的Z. australiaunum极为相似。依据目前对Z. australianum时代延限的认识,并结合蟒山群其他植物属种的发现(如Adoketophyton subverticillatum),推断该群下段的时代为早泥盆世布拉格期。Z. australianum在蟒山群中的发现,扩展了该植物的地理分布范围,反映出蟒山群中的植物组合与坡松冲植物群存在一定联系。     

托斯巴斯他乌金矿微量稀土元素地球化学特征及矿床成因分析

新疆青河县托斯巴斯他乌地区岩浆活动强烈,金铜元素成矿潜力突出,近年来在该区及邻区发现了多个规模不等的金、铜矿床。文章基于托斯巴斯他乌金矿为研究对象,通过对矿石的微量元素、稀土元素地球化学特征及矿床地质特征研究,简析了矿床成因、成矿物质来源。研究表明,该区矿(化)带受断裂控制明显,加马特矿化带受近EW向断裂控制,托库特拜及哈依尔很矿带受NW向断裂控制,矿化以破碎蚀变岩型为主;微量元素Th、Nd、Zr、Sm富集,Nb、Sr、Ti亏损,Ba为负异常,在蜘蛛网图中其模式曲线呈由左向右微倾斜多峰多谷形;稀土元素呈轻稀土富集,重稀土亏损,具幔壳混熔特征;托斯巴斯他乌金矿床成因应属于构造蚀变岩(热液)型。     

蒙特卡罗法在地热资源评价中的应用

通过印度尼西亚B地热田地质勘查和已有资料分析,参照中国地热行业勘查和资源评价相关规范,对比该地热田已有的资源评价结果;以热储法（体积法）为基本公式,运用蒙特卡罗（Monte Carlo）法进行预测,随机参数均为地热地质条件限定下的取值范围;最终以体积法估算结果作为评估资源量下限,获得待评价地热田的可发电量资源潜力,为该地热田的进一步开发提供可靠依据。相比传统方法,蒙特卡罗法更适用于地热勘查初级阶段的地热资源评价,具有预测范围合理、数据结果定量化、可提供概率分析置信区间等优点。     

长江口沉积物-水界面砷的迁移转化机制与微生物调控分析

为探析长江口沉积物-水界面砷的迁移转化机制,本文分析了2019年夏季长江口4个站位上覆水和间隙水中总As浓度及形态的剖面变化特征,耦合氧化还原敏感元素(Fe、Mn和S)的剖面变化剖析了沉积物-水界面砷循环的Fe-Mn-S控制机制,同时结合砷相关功能基因探讨了沉积物-水界面砷迁移转化的微生物调控过程,估算了沉积物-水界面总As的扩散通量。结果表明,除A7-4站位外,长江口其他3个站位间隙水总As以As³⁺为主要存在形态,且总As浓度均在上覆水中为最低值(0.748~1.57 μg·L^-1),而在间隙水中随着深度增加而逐渐增加并在6~9 cm深度达到峰值(7.14~26.9 μg·L^-1)。间隙水总As及As³⁺浓度的剖面变化趋势与溶解态Fe²⁺、Mn²⁺相似,其均在中间层出现高值,说明沉积物Fe/Mn还原带砷的释放可能是随固相Fe(Ⅲ)或Mn(Ⅳ)的还原而转移到间隙水中的。氧化层和Fe/Mn还原带过渡区间隙水砷浓度与砷异化还原菌功能基因arrA和arsC丰度存在对应关系(除A1-3站外),说明砷异化还原菌将溶解As⁵⁺或固相As⁵⁺还原为溶解As³⁺可能是该过渡层砷迁移转化的另一重要过程。硫酸盐还原带的间隙水总As和As³⁺浓度降低,但由于间隙水的低S^2-浓度不利于砷硫化物生成,因此深层间隙水砷可能与铁硫矿物结合而被移除。底层环境氧化还原条件是影响沉积物-水界面砷迁移转化的重要因素,随底层水DO浓度的降低,砷迁移转化更倾向于微生物还原控制。长江口沉积物-水界面总As的扩散通量为1.18×10^-7~2.07×10^-7 μmol·cm^-2·s^-1,均表现为沉积物间隙水中总As向上覆水释放,即沉积物是研究区域水体总As的来源之一。     

氡(222Rn)在地下水-地表水相互作用中的应用研究进展

地下水-地表水相互作用是水资源管理和地表水生态系统保护中重要的一个环节,氡同位素(²²²Rn)由于其在地下水与地表水中含量差异显著、性质保守、检测难度低,广泛运用于地下水-地表水相互作用的研究当中。本文通过总结分析²²²Rn在不同地表水体(海水、河水、湖水等)中的应用,指出刻画地下水氡浓度的异质性是估算地下水排泄的重点和难点。在估算海底地下水排泄(SGD)时,氡的混合损失项估算不确定、海水氡浓度时空变异性、SGD的多组分特征等可能给估算结果带来较大不确定性;在估算河流地下水排泄时难以确定氡的大气逃逸量;研究人员对氡在示踪地表水补给地下水方面的研究程度相对不足。本文从科学研究和实际生产方面,对²²²Rn的研究应用提出以下潜在方向:(1)降低地下水氡空间变异性对估算地下水排泄量的影响;(2)针对不同水体、不同水文条件,准确刻画氡的大气逃逸量;(3)拓展²²²Rn示踪能够解决的科学问题;(4)将氡质量平衡模型计算与不确定分析相结合,实现软件化。     

Gridded reconstruction of the population in the traditional cultivated region of China from 1776 to 1953

Using modern census and environmental factor data,this study first identified the environmental factors that significantly affect the population distribution through Geodetector analysis and then constructed a population spatial distribution model based on the random forest regression algorithm.Finally,with this model and historical population data that were examined and corrected by historians,gridded population distributions with a spatial resolution of 10 km by 10 km in the traditional cultivated region of China(TCRC,hereafter)were reconstructed for six time slices from 1776 to 1953.Using the reconstruction dataset,the spatiotemporal characteristics of the population distribution were depicted.The results showed that(1)the environmental factors that significantly affected the population density differences among counties in the TCRC mainly consisted of elevation,slope,relief amplitude,distances to the nearest prefectural and provincial capitals,distance to the nearest river and the climatology moisture index.(2)Using the census data of 1934 counties in the TCRC in 2000 and the abovementioned environmental factor data,a random forest regression algorithm-based population spatial distribution model was constructed.Its determination coefficient(R²)is 0.81.In 88.4%of the counties(districts),the relative errors of the model predictions were less than 50%.(3)From 1776 to 1953,the total population in the study area showed an uptrend.Prior to 1851,the population increased mainly in the Yangtze River Delta.During this period,the number of grid cells in which the population densities were greater than 500 persons per km² increased from 292 to 683.From 1851 to 1953,the population increased extensively across the study area.In the North China Plain and the Pearl River Delta,the number of grid cells in which the population densities were greater than 500 persons per km² increased from 36 to 88 and from 4 to 35,respectively.The spatial clustering pattern of the population distribution varied temporally.The potential reasons included the shifts in economic development hot spots,traditional beliefs,wars,famine,and immigration policies.(4)Between our reconstructions and the HYDE dataset,there are large differences in the data sources,selected environmental factors and modeling methods.As a consequence,in comparison to our reconstructions,there were fewer populations in the eastern area and more populations in the western area from 1776 to 1851 and more populations in urban areas and fewer populations in rural areas after 1851 in the HYDE dataset.     

Palynological constraints on the age of the Mississippi Valley-type Changdong Pb-Zn deposit,Sanjiang belt,West China

Mississippi Valley-type(MVT)Pb-Zn deposits serve as the world’s major supply of Pb-Zn resources.However,the age constraint of MVT Pb-Zn deposits has long been a big challenge,due to the lack of minerals that are unequivocally related to ore deposition and that can be used for radioisotopic dating.Here we show sporopollens can provide useful chronological information on the Changdong MVT Pb-Zn deposit in the Simao basin,Sanjiang belt,West China.The Pb-Zn ores in the Changdong deposit are hosted by internal sediments in paleo-karst caves of meteoric origin.Sphalerite and galena occur as replacements of carbonate minerals and void infillings in the internal sediments.The relations suggest that the Pb-Zn mineralization occurred after the deposition of the internal sediments.A palynological assemblage mainly composed of angiosperm pollen dominated by Castanea,Quercus,and Carya and fern spores dominated by Polypodiaceae,Pteris,and Athyriaceae was identified.These pollen and spores place the ore-hosting internal sediments and the Changdong paleo-karst at early to middle Oligocene.Consequently,the Changdong Pb-Zn deposit must have formed after the early Oligocene(~34 Ma).These age constraints,together with the geological characteristics,indicate that the Changdong Pb-Zn deposit is a paleo-karst-controlled MVT deposit related to fold-thrust systems in the Sanjiang belt.The Changdong deposit is similar to other MVT Pb-Zn deposits in the northern part of the Sanjiang belt,making it possible to extend this Pb-Zn belt 500 km further to the South.Results presented here highlights the potential of sporopollens in dating the age of MVT deposits related to paleo-karst formation in young orogenic belts.     

《岩土力学》征稿简则

《岩土力学》是中国科学院武汉岩土力学研究所主办的综合性岩土力学与工程学术期刊。为全国中文核心期刊,中国科学引文数据库、中国学术期刊综合评价数据库、中国科技论文统计源期刊,《中国期刊网》、《中国学术期刊(光盘版)》全文收录,也是国际三大检索系统之一的美国《工程索引》(EI compendex)文摘收录期刊(光盘版)。