基于遥感和GIS的长岛南五岛近30年海岸线时空变迁分析

海岛不仅具有很高的资源、生态和经济价值,而且对维护国家海洋权益具有重大意义。本文基于遥感和GIS技术,利用1982、1995、2006和2015年的Landsat卫星遥感影像,分析了近30年来长岛南五岛海岸线的时空变化特征。结果表明:1982年以来,长岛南五岛近30年的海岸线长度增加了9.54 km,海岸线呈向海推进趋势,平均推进速度为0.54 m/a。海岸线变化主要受人为因素的影响,变化比较大的岸段主要分布在南长山岛和北长山岛的西部,以养殖开发、填海造陆与港口建设为主。研究认为,海岸线的变化,将会导致诸如岸线侵蚀等环境问题,应注意合理开发、利用海岸线资源。     

东海陆架盆地中生界油气调查进展与面临的挑战

东海陆架盆地是我国海域的一个大型中—新生代复合型含油气盆地,中生代盆地是我国海域油气勘探战略接替区之一。2005年之前主要以新生界为目的层,2005年之后,随着地震采集和处理技术的提高以及勘探思路的转变,针对中生界开展了富有成效的调查研究,取得了一系列成果与进展：①初步建立了一套深层二维地震采集技术和处理技术;②通过海陆对比和地震地层学分析,东海中生界分布广,具有“东海西陆”的古地理格局;③中生代盆地具有北东分带结构特征和3期演化;④中生界发育2套烃源岩和2套生储盖组合。在此基础上分析了东海陆架中生代盆地油气调查所面临的问题与挑战。     

基隆凹陷构造演化特征及油气资源潜力

基隆凹陷是东海陆架盆地主要沉积凹陷,自晚白垩世以来,共经历了裂陷期、裂后沉降期和区域沉降期等3个构造演化阶段,沉积了巨厚的新生代地层。基隆凹陷为一被断层复杂化的半地堑凹陷,属于东断西超的箕状断陷。新生代自西向东可划分为西部缓坡断阶带、中央洼陷带和东部陡坡带3个构造带。始新统至中新统发育多套生储盖组合,表明基隆凹陷具有良好的油气资源潜力。     

东海陆架多次波特点及去除策略

在东海陆架地区的地震资料中存在着多种类型的多次波,使得地震资料难以真实地反映地下地质信息,必须在地震资料处理过程中加以去除。根据多次波的不同特点,采用了3种技术方法组合去除的策略：采用SWD技术去除东海陆架普遍发育的与海底相关的短周期多次波;SRME技术对强波阻抗界面产生的近道多次波压制效果明显;抛物线Radon变换可以较好地解决中远偏移距的长周期多次波。通过对东海陆架大量多道地震资料的处理,采取3种技术方法的优化组合基本上都可以取得较好的处理效果。     

南海西部陆坡平顶海山和海丘地形特征

西太平洋发育有大量的平顶海山,但在南海目前尚未见到关于平顶海山的详细报道。基于多波束测深数据,在南海西部陆坡识别出13个平顶海山和1个平顶海丘。平顶海山和海丘主要分布于西沙群岛和中沙群岛附近海底,以及海隆和海岭上。其中2个平顶海山为链状海山,位于中沙北海隆。南海西部陆坡的平顶海山和海丘山顶平台面积均超过3 km2,山顶水深范围184~631 m,位于陆坡中部的平顶海山和海丘山顶水深较小,而位于陆坡边缘的平顶海山山顶水深较大。通过对比西太平洋平顶海山,初步探讨了南海西部陆坡平顶海山和海丘地形特征指示的地质意义。     

日本海天然气水合物气源成因及主控因素探讨

为了探讨日本海天然气水合物的气源成因及其控制因素, 收集和整理了日本海西南郁陵盆地和日本海东缘上越盆地及邻近的相关资料。结果显示,上越盆地及邻近海域甲烷羽状流、麻坑、自生碳酸盐岩及地震剖面上“气烟囱”和BSR等发育,块状水合物出露海底为热解成因;郁陵盆地羽状流不太发育,而自生碳酸盐岩和地震剖面上的“气烟囱”较发育,钻孔发现的水合物主要为生物成因。结合日本海构造演化特征综合分析认为,日本海东缘热解成因水合物的主控因素是近S—N向和近E—W向交互断裂作用以及NE—SW向的晚期构造挤压;日本海西南海域生物成因为主兼热解成因水合物的主控因素是NEE—SWW向的晚期构造挤压;而日本海西北海域构造定型早且缺少晚期构造挤压,因此,推测其水合物气源应该主要为生物成因,热成因的可能性很小。     

Climate driven changes in subtidal kelp forest communities in NW Spain

Reconstructions suggest a massive decline of nearly 1400 ha of kelp forest in North Western Spain in 2007. In line with global rising temperatures, we hypothesized that Sea Surface Temperature (SST) surpassed a lethal threshold for kelp. We examined whether changes in SST correlated to the proposed decline in kelp forest. All investigated SST characteristics suggested to affect kelp abundance increased significantly during the past thirty years, reaching extreme values during the last decade. In addition over the past two decades, the landscape formerly dominated by both cold and warm temperate canopy forming and understory species changed to one dominated by warm temperate understory species, resulting in a loss of vertical community structure. Fisheries landing data of kelp associated species was used to support the suggested change in kelp abundance. Subsequent recovery of the kelp appears to be occurring in deeper waters.     

Burial and degradation of organic carbon in Louisiana shelf/slope sediments

The primary focus of this paper is to better understand carbon burial on the Louisiana continental margin using spatial scales that covered various shelf depositional areas far-field and near-field (sediment and organic carbon inputs relative to river mouth proximity) and covering a variety of sedimentation rates. Box-cores samples were collected in July 2003; cores were collected along two depositional transects extending westward and southward from the Southwest Pass (SW Pass). A key difference between the two transects sampled in this study was the greater occurrence of mobile muds derived from spillover from shallower regions along the westward 50 m isobaths. The dominant mechanism for mixing in the surface active zone (SAZ) on the inner Louisiana shelf was due to physical, not biological, forces. Burial efficiencies for organic carbon (57.2–91.5%) and total nitrogen (44.2–86.9%) ranged widely across all shelf stations. Lower burial efficiencies for bulk organic carbon, total nitrogen, and pigment biomarkers were associated with mobile muds west of Southwest Pass. Chlorophyll a concentrations were significantly higher than pheopigments at depth at the Mississippi River and Southwest Pass stations, making up 40.4 and 77.4% of total pigment concentrations in the (SAZ) and 46.2 and 63.2% in the accumulation zone (AZ), respectively. These results are in agreement with earlier plant pigment studies which showed that a large fraction of the phytodetritus delivered to the inner shelf was derived from coastal and river diatoms. The amount of lignin preserved with depth decreased with increasing residence time in the SAZ and diagenetic zone (DZ) along the canyon transect but not along the western transect. Trends for lignin concentration followed previously identified surface sediment trends indicating overall lower burial of refractory terrestrial material at depth with greater distance offshore.     

Polar bear management,sport hunting and Inuit subsistence at Clyde River,Nunavut

This paper begins by reviewing the structure and evolution of polar bear (Ursus maritimus) management in Canada and in the Territory of Nunavut since the inception of the Agreement on the Conservation of Polar Bears in the 1970s. This is followed by the paper's main focus, the examination of the socio-economic and cultural importance of polar bears for Inuit and the success of the Agreement in supporting contemporary Inuit subsistence relations in Nunavut.     

海洋地球物理学和海洋地质学的发展

回顾了20世纪60年代板块学说的诞生,以及海洋地球物理学及海洋地球物理学家对这场地球科学革命所做出的巨大贡献。二次世界大战中,海洋技术飞速进步;战后,西方国家的海洋地球物理学家利用这些技术在海上开展了广泛的地球物理调查,积累了大量资料,有了许多重要发现。大洋地震带原来是一条裂谷带;大洋地磁场存在以中脊为中心,向两边正负相间的对称异常条带;大洋底沉积很薄,且从中脊向两边逐步加厚;大洋地壳仅厚数千米,而大陆地壳厚达30千米以上;大洋中脊处热流值很高,向两边逐步减小;地球的地震波速度从地表到约深80 km逐步增大,从80 km深度处速度开始减小,说明地球表层存在岩石圈,其下部存在软流圈;在海沟处,地震震中分布从海沟开始,向下沿约45°倾角到700 km深处,这可能是大洋岩石圈俯冲之处。由此地球科学家提出了板块构造假说,认为地幔深处的岩浆沿大洋中脊处向上运移,在海底处不断产生新洋壳;新洋壳(岩石圈)不断向两边运动,在海沟处向大陆岩石圈之下俯冲、消亡;当大洋岩石圈俯冲消亡之后,两边的大陆就发生碰撞,形成造山带,因此,地球上最老的大陆年龄达38亿年,而大洋岩石圈最老年龄只有1.8亿年。板块构造学说坚持活动论,是大陆漂移假说的发展之结果,更是地球科学深刻革命的开始。当它上陆之后,地球科学就掀起了革命的风暴。