中更新世中晚期以来汾河流域地貌阶段性发育及成因分析

汾河流域中系列断陷盆地在第四纪期间的阶段性演化历史一直不甚清楚。最近作者在野外调查中发现:在流域中的太原、临汾等几个构造盆地的周边地带,普遍发育了三级冲湖积台地。根据三级台地的沉积结构特征和利用黄土古土壤序列定年法、古地磁定年法及TL测年法对三级台地的年代研究结果,发现自中更新世中晚期以来,汾河流域系列盆地中都曾同时发生过三次大幅度的湖退和三次湖进过程;其中三次湖退开始的时间分别为0.76MaB.P.、0.55MaB.P.、0.13MaB.P.;由湖退而产生的三个低湖面阶段分别对应着S₈、S₅、S₁古土壤发育时期。从引起湖盆大幅度收缩的原因看,构造运动是根本因素,三级冲湖积台地的形成是对区域三次构造抬升的地貌响应。      

汉江上游I级河流阶的形成及对东亚季风 变化的响应

对郧县—白河段汉江Ⅰ级河流阶地上风成黄土的沉积学、理化性质、地球化学和年代学进行了系统研究。结果表明,汉江Ⅰ河流阶的形成不晚于25 ka BP;黄土具有马兰黄土(L1)→过渡黄土(Lt)→古土壤(S0)→全新世黄土(L0)→表土(TS)的地层序列,与渭河谷地的黄土地层序列完全可比;25~11.5 ka BP,冬季风强盛,气候冷干,从11.5 ka BP开始,冬季风逐渐减弱,气候开始向暖湿方向逐步转化,从8.5 ka BP开始,夏季风达到了末次冰期结束后的鼎盛时期,3.1 ka BP前后,东亚季风格局发生变化,夏季风减弱,重新进入一个相对干冷的时期,而人类活动对地表的影响形成了表土;汉江上游谷地黄土记录的末次冰期后季风逐渐加强、中全新世季风强盛、随后季风衰退和气候变干的夏季风演变模式与渭河谷地黄土的记录高度一致,与邻区石笋和泥炭记录的季风变化趋势也有良好的可比性,但与石笋/泥炭记录的夏季风强盛期的起始时间(9.3~4.2 ka BP)并不完全一致。     

中国西南山区稻作梯田的时空演化——以苗岭西江镇和加榜乡为例

稻作梯田是中国南方山区重要的土地利用方式,分析其时空变化规律,对区域土地资源利用、生态环境保护以及农村农业可持续发展具有重要意义。本文基于多源数据获取苗岭山区西江镇（1977—2020年）和加榜乡（1962—2020年）的土地利用分类图,运用景观指数、空间分析和样带分析等方法,研究稻作梯田时空格局与功能的演化特征,以揭示稻田利用与人地关系演变过程及其特殊性变化。结果表明：① 研究区稻田规模长期稳定发展,但近年整体规模有所缩小,斑块破碎化趋势逐渐凸显。在2000年前稻田分布表现出同时向高、低海拔及微坡至急陡坡扩展,2000年后呈反向收缩趋势,种植强度呈相同的变化规律。② 研究区稻田核密度的空间分布,表现出小规模高密度集聚与大规模中低密度分布并存的格局。自2000年以来,两地稻田核密度以小幅变化为主,有明显的“东北-西南”向分布特性。③ 在生产用地导向阶段,大面积林地转为稻田;在生态-经济复合用地导向阶段,稻田规模保持稳定。④ 聚田比指数显示研究区“人多田少型”占比不断上升,这表明部分地区人地矛盾日渐凸显,以西江镇的变化最为强烈。⑤ 依据“林-田-村-河”四素同构的样带分析,稻田功能经历了“生产-生态、经济”的演变过程,与旅游业发展关系密切。研究结果较全面反映了研究区稻作梯田的时空演化特征,有助于促进山区传统稻田资源优化利用和保护传承,在一定程度上为乡村振兴发展提供借鉴。     

Sea-level curves: Perplexities of an end-user in morphotectonic applications

Several sea-level curves, from the classical ones to some of the most recently published, are analysed and compared. Although this short paper is not a review of the original data and analytical methods used by the different authors, similarities and mainly differences between published sea-level curves are emphasised especially as concern the suggested height and age of the highstand sea-level peaks during the last 450 ka. The perplexities of an end-user when attempting to exploit different curves for investigating uplifted marine terraces are discussed and recommendations are suggested.     

Late middle pleistocene interglacial deposits at upper strensham,worcestershire, england

Pleistocene deposits containing the disarticulated skeleton of a mammoth, and associated faunal and floral remains, were discovered in July 1990 at Upper Strensham, Worcestershire. The environmental evidence from the fauna and flora together with limited geological evidence, indicates that the deposits accumulated within a low energy fluvial environment with a surrounding marsh and restricted tree cover on, or close to, the floodplain. The patchy occurrence of trees in a species-rich grassland is discussed, and the climatic significance of the fauna and flora is considered. The Strensham site lies within the valley of the River Avon, which is known to contain at least five altitudinally distinct river terraces. The deposits at Strensham lie beneath a terraced surface that cannot be accommodated within the existing framework of terrace development in the valley, and evidence is presented which may suggest that these deposits form a previously unrecognised fluvial unit, the Strensham Member of the Avon Valley Formation. Amino-acid age estimates from shells taken from the fossiliferous sediments of the Strensham Member suggest a correlation with Oxygen Isotope Stage 7. This correlation suggests that the temperate deposits at this site should be correlated with the temperate phase recorded at Marsworth, Buckinghamshire and Stoke Goldington in the valley of the Great Ouse.     

黄河源区河流阶地特征及源区黄河的形成

提要：本文通过对黄河源区河流阶地的系统测量和研究,认为黄河源区黄河阶地主要由堆积阶地组成,少量侵蚀阶地,阶地拔河高度低,阶面比较开阔平坦。黄河自源头至入扎陵湖段仅发育一级河流阶地,从鄂陵湖出水口至黄河乡段发育两级河流阶地,从黄河乡以下至久治县东段发育三级河流阶地。结合ESR测年结果,黄河源区河流阶地形成的时间主要为中更新世晚期—全新世,T1河流阶地的形成时代约为1万年;T2河流阶地的形成时代为5.8～1.9万年;T3河流阶地的形成时代为16.1～2.5万年。河流阶地研究表明,黄河在源区形成较晚,可能为晚更新世晚期。     

Post-glacial landscape response to climate variability in the southeastern San Juan Mountains of Colorado, USA

Geomorphic mapping in the upper Conejos River Valley of the San Juan Mountains has shown that three distinct periods of aggradation have occurred since the end of the last glacial maximum (LGM). The first occurred during the Pleistocene–Holocene transition (~ 12.5–9.5 ka) and is interpreted as paraglacial landscape response to deglaciation after the LGM. Evidence of the second period of aggradation is limited but indicates a small pulse of sedimentation at ~ 5.5 ka. A third, more broadly identifiable period of sedimentation occurred in the late Holocene (~ 2.2–1 ka). The latest two periods of aggradation are concurrent with increases in the frequency of climate change in the region suggesting that Holocene alpine and sub-alpine landscapes respond more to rapid changes in climate than to large singular climatic swings. Soil development and radiocarbon dating indicate that hillslopes were stable during the Holocene even while aggradation was occurring in valley bottoms. Thus, we can conclude that erosion does not occur equally throughout the landscape but is focused upslope of headwater streams, along tributary channels, or on ridge tops. This is in contrast to some models which assume equal erosion in headwater basins.     

10Be dating of river terraces of Santo Domingo river,on Southeastern flank of the Mérida Andes,Venezuela: Tectonic and climatic implications

In this study, we discuss the first cosmogenic ¹⁰Be dating of river terraces located in the lower reaches of the Santo Domingo river (Southeastern flank of the Mérida Andes, Western Venezuela). The geomorphic observations and dating allowed the restoration of the temporal evolution of incision rate, which was analysed in terms of tectonic, climatic and geomorphic processes. The long-term incision rate in the area has been constantly around 1.1 mm/a over the last 70 ka. Taking into account the geologic and geomorphologic setting, this value can be converted into the Late Pleistocene uplift rate of the Southeastern flank of the Mérida Andes. Our results show that the process of terraces formation in the lower reaches of the Santo Domingo river occurred at a higher frequency (10³–10⁴ years) than a glacial/interglacial cycle (10⁴–10⁵ years). According to the global and local climate curve, these terraces were abandoned during warm to cold transitions.     

Quaternary and Holocene coastal uplift in Ikaria Island,Aegean Sea

Abstract

Geomorphological, biological and AMS radiocarbon dating provide evidence of an about lm high elevated palaeo-shoreline at the NE coast of Ikaria Island,Aegean Sea, and to a seismic uplift which occurred after AD950-1150 and was probably responsible for damage in an ancient tower. These data are important for several reasons. They provide evidence for a strong earthquake in an island usually assumed aseismic, coastal uplifts and coastal fauna are scarce in this region, while the Late Holocene uplift correlates with a flight of marine terraces of probably Quaternary age, at least up to 40m high. Long-term uplift is not observed at the footwall of a fault bounding a major graben north of Ikaria, it represents a structural puzzle and it may help to shed some light to the evolution of various extensional terranes.     

Quantifying the impact of no-till on sediment yield in southern Brazil at the hillslope and catchment scales

No-till (NT) is a soil management system designed to protect soil resources from water erosion and provide numerous benefits compared to conventional tillage through the increase of organic matter inputs into the soil. However, NT in isolation is not sufficient to control erosion processes caused by an excessive production of surface runoff. This study evaluated soil losses on agricultural hillslopes under no-till characterized by contrasted water, soil, and crop management conditions. To this end, water and soil losses were monitored between 2014 and 2018 at two scales, including four macroplots (0.6 ha; 27 events) and two paired zero-order catchments (2.4 ha; 63 events). The resulting dataset covered a wide range of rainfall conditions that occurred in contrasted soil, crop, and runoff management conditions. Hyetographs, hydrographs, and sedigraphs were constructed, and these data were used to evaluate the impact of management on sediment yields, including that of terraces, scarification, and phytomass on sediment yield. The installation of terraces reduced sediment yield by 58.7%, mainly through surface runoff control. Crop management including an increased phytomass input efficiently controlled soil losses (63%), although it did not reduce runoff volume and peak flow. In contrast, scarification had no impact on runoff and soil losses. The current research demonstrated the need to combine the installation of terraces and leaving a high amount of phytomass on the soil to control surface runoff and erosion and reduce sediment yield. The current research therefore reinforces the relevance of the monitoring strategy conducted at the scale of macroplots and zero-order catchments to evaluate the impact of contrasted water, soil, and crop management methods and select the most effective conservation agriculture practices.