川西安宁河Ⅰ～Ⅲ级阶地孢粉记录反映晚更新世以来古气候变化

植物孢子和花粉是理想的恢复环境变化的有机指标,对于第四纪地层划分和区域古气候的对比具有重要意义。本文在川西冕宁泸沽镇附近选取安宁河Ⅰ～Ⅲ级阶地剖面进行年代学测量和孢粉采样分析。结果表明:安宁河Ⅰ级阶形成时期为全新世,气候温和较湿或轻湿;Ⅱ级阶地沉积时期在晚更新世晚期或全新世早期,温度及湿度均比Ⅰ级阶地时低,在该时期无论植被和气候曾出现过两次以上比较明显的变化及波动;Ⅲ级阶地沉积时期为晚更新世中期,气候温和较湿或轻湿,堆积时期之温度及湿度均比Ⅱ级阶地时高,但又均比Ⅰ级阶地时低。同时探讨了安宁河阶地形成时期构造、气候的变化规律。根据河流的下切速率可以间接的推断晚更新世构造隆升速率大于晚更新世末期-全新世。     

Transverse architecture of lahar terraces,inferred from radargrams: preliminary results from Semeru Volcano,Indonesia

Semeru Volcano is the highest mountain of Java (Indonesia), and a vulcanian explosion occurs every 15 minutes on average, since 1967. Thus a constantly renewed stock of material and the heavy monsoon rainfall [3700 mm yr^?1 at 1500 m above sea level (a.s.l.)] provide a perfect setting for the study of lahars and their deposits. Hence, we examined the architecture of lahars' terraces 9·5 km from the summit in the Curah Lengkong Valley. We first used ground penetrating radar (GPR) over vertical exposures of the lahars cut‐bank terraces. This allowed us to better understand transversal radargrams across terraces, which are not visually accessible in the field. Preliminary results from a single radargram are very instructive, since (1) they prove that the lateral architecture does not correspond to that observed from banks only; (2) we could observe the presence of lenses and stratigraphic discontinuities; (3) the setting of the various units can also help reconstruct deposition processes and the chronology of different units. In order to finalize these preliminary results, we however need to perform multiple GPR radargrams and provide a complete set of results. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Cosmogenic nuclide burial dating at Penhill Farm: An Earlier Stone Age Acheulean locality in the lower Sundays River Valley,South Africa

Penhill Farm is an Earlier Stone Age (ESA) Acheulean archaeological site located within the southeastern Cape coastal region of South Africa. Although ESA artifacts have been known for this region since the 1950s, limited archaeological work and an inability to date the terrace context sites have prevented understanding the technological progression from the ESA to Middle Stone Age (MSA) and their placement within the Stone Age chronology of South Africa. Here we use cosmogenic ²⁶Al and ¹⁰Be to reveal a two-stage depositional history for a stone tool assemblage recovered from a debris flow deposit, with artifacts dating to ca. 1.1 Ma (million years) incorporated into a debris flow dating to ca. 0.6 Ma, thereby constraining the Penhill Farm Acheulean occupation to the Early Pleistocene.     

Holocene river development and environmental change in Upper Wharfedale,Yorkshire Dales,England

This paper provides the first radiometrically dated evidence of Holocene alluvial landform development in Upper Wharfedale, Yorkshire Dales. Four river terraces are identified. Terraces 1 and 2 are closely linked to Late Devensian and early Holocene environmental change, with gravel reworked from local glacial and periglacial sources prior to cementation by carbonate‐rich waters. U‐series dating of cement provides age estimates for cementation of between ca. 5.1–7.4 kyr BP for Terrace 1 and ca. 3.6–>8.0 kyr BP for Terrace 2. U‐series dating of tufas overlying Terraces 1 and 2 produced ages of ca. 4.2–4.5 kyr BP and ca. 2.1–2.2 kyr BP respectively, and provide upper age limits for terrace formation. Terrace 3 marks a change in sediment calibre, supply and sedimentation style, and ¹⁴C dating suggests that the principal source of fine‐grained material may be agricultural expansion in the Yorkshire Dales from ca. ad 600 (1350 cal. yr BP). Radiocarbon dates indicate that Terrace 4 was deposited from the eleventh century, with initiation of the contemporary floodplain between the fifteenth and seventeenth centuries ad. Both these lowest units contain sediments contaminated with heavy metals as a result of mining activities within the catchment. The evidence presented in this study is comparable to that of research undertaken in upland environments elsewhere in northern and western Britain, thereby adding to the corpus of information currently available for evaluating the fluvial geomorphological response to climate and vegetation change during the Holocene. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

哈尼梯田麻栗寨河流域雨季大气降水氢氧同位素特征及影响因素

以红河哈尼梯田文化景观遗产核心区麻栗寨河流域的雨季大气降水为研究对象,对2014年雨季典型月7月的氢氧同位素组成进行了分析,拟合出大气瞬时降水线方程,并与邻近地区及全国、全球降水线方程进行对比,分析温度、湿度、降水量等气象参数和海拔对氢氧稳定同位素的影响,并初步判断该区的水汽来源。结果表明：（1）研究区雨季大气降水δ¹⁸O值变化范围大,与邻近的昆明、贵阳、成都地区相比,贫化明显;（2）大气降水线方程为δD=7.59δ¹⁸O+3.31,其斜率和截距较小,说明研究区雨季降水量大且蒸发强烈、降水的水汽来源非单一化,除受印度洋、孟加拉湾的变热性热带海洋气团的影响,还受研究区地表水体的二次蒸发影响;（3）研究区降水稳定同位素特征显示不但存在明显的降水量效应,也存在温度效应和海拔效应,但各因素是综合作用的,主导因素不明显。     

青衣江河流沉积与阶地特征及其成因演化

在系统整理分析前人成果资料基础上,对龙门山西南部与古青衣江改道相关的名山-邛崃砾石层和丹棱-思濛砾石层的砾石成分、砾度及砾向等统计资料进行分析和总结,讨论了砾石层的物源区、成因、形成时代等特征;结合对青衣江干流阶地最新的调查和测量结果,梳理总结了河流阶地的分布特征、高度、结构、发育程度和年龄等资料数据,并利用卫星遥感图像和数字高程模型（DEM）数据提取构造地貌和水系特征,发现青衣江流域地形是梯级降低的,其穿过的褶皱形成时间应该早于第四纪,并且第四纪时期青衣江形成的阶地是可连续对比的,其中宝兴-芦山段的阶地有过抬升,可能与该区的盲逆冲断层活动有关。依据青衣江流域的阶地特征,对水系演化变迁过程进行综合分析后提出,青衣江改道很可能是由于新构造期间河流多次袭夺造成的,其中龙门山西南段的盲逆冲断层活动引起的局部隆升为袭夺提供了构造条件。      

亚热带山地民族文化与自然环境和谐发展实证研究--以云南省元阳县哈尼族梯田文化景观为例

一定的自然环境孕育了与之相适应的民族文化，而民族文化又对自然环境具有改造作用。民族文化与自然环境的相互适应是文化与环境持续存在的原因。本文通过深入到处云南南部亚热带山地地区的元阳县哈尼族地区的调查，提出和分析了哈尼文化与自然环境相互适应的结果一哈尼梯田文化景观的特征，并探讨了哈尼文化与自然环境两者梯田景观的关系，证实了哈尼梯田文化景观是哈尼文化与自然环境协调发展的结果，具有重要的理论和实际意义。     

The Late-Quaternary deposits of the middle Dyfi Valley,Wales

The surficial deposits and landforms of the middle Dyfi Valley, Wales, are examined and a sequence of glacial, glacio-fluvial and glacio-lacustrine sediments is identified. This is considered to relate to a late stage in the wastage of the Late-Devensian Merioneth ice-cap. A sequence of terrace gravels overlying the giacigenic succession represents dissection during early Flandrian times.     

长江第一弯河段阶地特征及年代学研究

通过DEM及野外调查,提取和分析长江第一弯河流阶地的空间位置及分布特征,认为在河流弯曲及宽阔河段阶地的保存范围大于其他河段;根据阶地序列年代学研究提出,长江第一弯河段T₁和T₂堆积阶地分别形成于9~12 ka和15~20 ka,这两级最新阶地分别形成于不同的气候背景。T₂开始堆积于末次冰盛期（LGM）,下切于15 ka前后;而T₁堆积于全新世初期的大暖期,下切于9 ka前后。而且,两级阶地均存在向断裂方向的上翘,河谷摆向断裂上升盘的相反一侧;河流下切速率也向着断裂方向增大。因此,河流阶地的形成应该受到构造因素的控制,而气候作用对河流下切有明显的影响。

     

活动造山带地区河流阶地与下切速率及其时空分布样式

河流下切带动区域地貌的演化,因此河流下切速率及其时空分布样式是解析构造、地表过程和气候变化之间广泛相互作用的关键切入点之一。根据阶地的保存状况,利用河流阶地的累积下切量和下切时间可以直接测得千年到百万年时间尺度的下切速率。鉴于此河流下切速率是链接不同时间和空间尺度上地貌侵蚀速率的关键所在,并具有较精细的时空分辨率。计算河流下切速率时,累积下切量上限是阶地基座的拔河高度,下界最优选择是低级阶地基座,而累积下切时间的最佳约束是尽量靠近阶地基座的冲洪积物的沉积时间;运用河流下切速率获得岩石抬升速率和区域构造变形量时,通常假定区域地貌处于均衡状态,河流下切速率代表着岩石抬升速率。但是由于气候变化,河流下切过程具有较强的时空不稳定性,导致这些假设经常失效。此外,河流加积和下切的转换与第四纪冰期-间冰期的变化并不一定存在时间上的一一对应关系,这可能是由于河流裂点的溯源迁移以及河流对气候变化的响应方式与强度存在差异。因此,实际工作中需要多方面获得不同时空尺度和分辨率的构造变形、气候变化以及地表过程的基本信息,借助地貌数值模拟程序,定量解析构造、气候和地表过程之间的广泛而复杂的相互作用。