Representing environments in flux: case studies from East Africa

The dominant view in the ecology and anthropology of the 1950s saw populations harmoniously interacting in self-regulating systems; climax forests and stable societies were the ruling hypotheses. Now, however, ecology and social sciences are investigating nature and culture in flux. The flux paradigms of nature and culture describe a human–ecological relationship that is non-equilibrial, historically contingent and constantly negotiated at both material and ideological levels by unequal actors. In this paper, we examine the effect of changing ecological and cultural paradigms on interpretations of environmental change in three areas of East Africa: the North Pare Mountains, Tanzania, the Mkomazi Game Reserve, Tanzania and the Tsavo National Park, Kenya. We explore how discursive and materialist approaches can complement one another, by expanding the domains of ecological inquiry and demanding that analysts cross-check their data for unquestioned assumptions regarding stability, variability and spatial and temporal scales. Rather than testing a ruling hypothesis, we suggest that ecologists and social scientists work with multiple hypotheses, with the aim of understanding the interplay between ecological, environmental and social influences.     

承德避暑山庄砂岩文物的基本性质和风化机理

世界文化遗产地承德避暑山庄内有大量的砂岩文物。在长期风化作用下,很多砂岩文物发生了严重的风化病害,亟须保护。通过现场调查,发现避暑山庄砂岩文物的风化病害主要为开裂、剥落、粉化、生物寄生等。通过室内测试,得出了该砂岩的矿物学、岩石学性质和物理、力学性质。在此基础上,分析了该砂岩的风化机理,认为钙质胶结物的溶解、干湿交替和盐分结晶膨胀是造成该砂岩粉化、剥落风化的主要原因。相关研究为该砂岩文物的修复保护提供科学支撑。     

Strain and culture medium optimization for production enhancement of prodiginines from marine-derived Streptomyces sp. GQQ-10

A mutant (GQQ-M6) of a Sponge-Derived streptomyces sp. GQQ-10 obtained by UV-induced mutation was used for producing prodiginines (PGs). Single factor experiments and orthogonal array design (OAD) methods were employed for medium optimization. In the single factor method, the effects of soluble starch, glucose, soybean flour, yeast extract and sodium acetate on PGs production were investigated individually. In the subsequent OAD experiments, the concentrations of these 5 key nutritional components combined with salinity were further adjusted. The mutant strain GQQ-M6 gave a 2.2-fold higher PGs production than that of the parent strain; OAD experiments offered a PGs yield of 61mg L-1, which was 10 times higher than that of the initial GQQ-10 strain under the original cultivation mode.     

不同养殖方式对皱纹盘鲍养殖效果及养殖水质的影响

在天津地区对2.2 cm左右规格的皱纹盘鲍(Haliotis discus hannai)进行试养殖,比较了两种养殖模式(笼养与砖养)、两种养殖密度下鲍的存活与生长情况,以及不同换水频率和不同饲料形状对鲍的生理状态和养殖水质的影响。结果表明:试养殖1个月后,笼养下的鲍存活率(74.4%)低于砖养(84.0%),且低密度养殖下鲍的存活率更高;随着换水频率的增加,鲍的摄食量逐渐增加,养殖水体中氨氮、亚硝酸氮、硝酸氮、化学需氧量的含量均呈减少的趋势;投喂不同形状饲料的组别间养殖水体氨氮、亚硝酸氮含量差异显著。因此,砖养模式更适合于作为天津地区鲍养殖的模式,并且降低密度、提高换水频率有助于改善水质,改良鲍的摄食、存活状况。     

Volcanoes and human history

The study of volcanic hazards leads inevitably to questions of how past cultures have lived in volcanically active regions of the world. Here we summarize linkages between volcanological, archaeological and anthropological studies of historic and prehistoric volcanic eruptions, with the goal of evaluating the impact of past eruptions on human populations to better prepare for future events. We use examples from papers collected in this volume to illustrate ways in which volcanological studies aid archaeological investigations by providing basic stratigraphic markers and information about the nature and timing of specific volcanic events. We then turn to archaeological perspectives, which provide physical evidence of the direct impacts of volcanic eruptions, such as site abandonment and human migration, as well as indirect impacts on local cultures as reflected in human artifacts. Finally we review anthropological studies of societal responses to past and recent volcanic eruptions. We pay particular attention to both the psychological impact of catastrophic events and records of these impacts encoded within oral traditions. Taken together these studies record drastic short-term eruption impacts but adaptation to volcanic activity over the longer term, largely through strategies of adaptive land use.     

郑州地区仰韶文化居民的开颅术研究

开颅术是已知最古老的外科手术之一。国内出土的开颅术穿孔颅骨多集中在黄河上游以及新疆地区,而郑州地区却较少发现,研究相对薄弱。本研究对开颅术穿孔与其他颅骨穿孔进行了区分,并对愈合情况做了分类。通过研究郑州地区仰韶文化晚期的巩义双槐树遗址、汪沟遗址与尚岗杨遗址出土的540例个体,发现了5例符合定义标准的开颅术颅骨,其中2例开颅术颅骨存在愈合迹象。为了对比分析郑州地区的开颅术,梳理了中国集中出土的开颅术材料,总结出黄河上游以及新疆地区、黄河中下游地区、东北地区、黄河以南地区4个区域开颅术颅骨的特点,并讨论了郑州地区仰韶文化开颅术穿孔的形态特征,分析了该地区的开颅方法以及开颅目的。从结果来看,郑州地区仰韶文化晚期居民已经掌握了开颅技术,该地区开颅术穿孔具有其独特的复杂性以及地域性特点,表现为：穿孔较小、形状规则、穿孔方法较少、分布位置多样但具有特殊性、愈合情况不佳、穿孔目的复杂。

     

江苏邳州板材集群演化的文化机理

在明晰邳州文化特征和板材产业集群发展历程的基础上,运用访谈和问卷调查方法,从心智模型、社会资本和非正式制度三个层面,分析邳州板材产业集群演化的文化机理。研究表明:文化对集群演化的影响具有立体性,以企业家精神为重要内容的心智模型体现文化的内在能动力量,而社会资本和文化的非正式制度作用体现文化的外在动力;文化对集群的影响具有动态性和阶段性,文化影响的力度与产业集群演化的生命周期具有内在逻辑联系性;由于地域文化二元性和文化与经济演化逻辑的差异性,文化对集群的影响具有复杂性;产业集群既具经济特征,也有文化内涵。产业集群一个的重要功能在于文化的储存记忆和"熔炉"作用,其竞争力在于集群文化的自生能力而内生形成的文化生产力和文化创新力,以及建基与此的文化资本、社会资本、经济资本、技术资本快速流畅的转换。     

组织培养板在获取微藻种质中的应用

报道一种基于选择演替和及时显微跟踪的原理获取一次野外水样中多种微藻的方法。利用组织培养板方便的显微观测条件和适宜容积提供微藻存活的空间,在不同培养条件下,进行微藻群落演替、及时显微跟踪检测和优势种分离,可以使野外水样初期低生物量种类优势化,以利于纯系种质的获得。并通过不同演替条件获得其中出现的未鉴定或初期样品中未检出的种质,提供进一步研究的基础。该方法在获取微藻种质和种质库建设上不失为一可行技术手段。论文以一次野外采集海水样品在不同营养条件下的主要优势种类演替跟踪检测、低生物量种质优势化过程和纯系种质分离为例,说明该方法在获取微藻种质中的应用。     

真鲷饵料生物褶皱臂尾轮虫和眼点拟微绿藻的大量培养

于1992～1994年 ,在中国水科院黄海水产研究所小麦岛试验基地(青岛)进行的“中日合作真鲷增殖放流项目”执行期间 ,对真鲷饵料生物———眼点拟微绿藻 (Nannochloropsisoculata)和L型褶皱臂尾轮虫 (Branchionus plicatilis)进行了大量培养。眼点拟微绿藻的平均接种密度为1211.3×104个/ml,经5～6d的室内或室外露天培养即可达到平均为2341.0×104 个/ml的收获密度 ;采用眼点拟微绿藻和新鲜面包酵母作为混合饵料 ;褶皱臂尾轮虫 (L型 )培养3～4d即可由接种时平均密度148.0个/ml,增长至平均216.8个/ml的采收密度。眼点拟微绿藻和轮虫的日间增殖密度分别是12.8 %和26.6 %。每生产108个褶皱臂尾轮虫需要消耗0.73m3眼点拟微绿藻 (密度为2000×104/ml)和790.8g 鲜面包酵母。采用此法 ,作者连续3a成功地为每年百万尾以上真鲷苗种提供了足够的生物饵料。总结3a苗种培育和生物饵料培养之间的关系 ,作者认为 ,大规模稳定生产海水鱼类苗种时,育苗与饵料生物培养 (褶皱臂尾轮虫和眼点拟微绿藻 )水体的合理比例应为1∶1～1.5∶3。     

北京城区广场分布、辐射及其文化生产空间差异浅析

广场是城市文化活动的重要载体,是城市中重要的文化生产空间。文章首先选择北京城区广场作为研究对象,首先调查了三级广场的分布状况,结合人口分布对广场分布进行了评价;其次调查了北京城区一个典型剖面上的4个广场,用格林方法确定了4个广场之间的空间分割点,并依据对广场活动者的调查,确定了每个广场的空间辐射范围的平面形态,从而确定了这4个广场文化生产空间的大致范围;第三,调查了广场的文化活动类型,并将活动类型的差异与城市文化空间的圈层进行了比较,从而解释了广场文化产生差异的原因。结论是,城市广场的建设属于城市实体空间建设的一种形式,它是人们自觉的、理性的行动,本着公平的原则建设广场,将使城市各个地方的居民具有依托广场开展文化活动的可能,并借助广场创造城市新的多元的文化。