放牧对古尔班通古特沙漠南部 沙垄地表性质的影响

分别于2002 年和2005 年对古尔班通古特沙漠南部的同一条半固定沙垄, 进行了放牧前后的地表覆盖(包括植物和生物结皮)、沙面活动强度和土壤理化性质的系统监测和研究。 主要结论如下: 2002 年, 自然沙垄80%以上的地表被植物和生物结皮所覆盖, 除沙垄顶部外, 其他部位基本处于稳定状态。2005 年受放牧干扰的影响, 生物结皮破损率达到80%以上, 同期植物覆盖不及2002 年的1/5, 特别是短命植物变化最明显。2005 年输沙势只有2002 年的1/3, 但沙面活动强度是2002 年的2.6 倍, 活动区域也从垄顶部扩展至整个沙垄表面。 放牧后地表组成物中的中沙含量增加了13.9%, 而细沙和极细沙含量分别减少了7.4%和 8.0%, 沙垄各部位有机质含量在放牧后一个风季即下降了近1/2。可见, 放牧造成地表保护条件的多重损害, 使沙漠地表稳定性趋于丧失。其细粒物质及有机质的大量流失, 也将对我国温带荒漠生态系统的可持续发展产生重要影响。     

放牧对古尔班通古特沙漠南部半固定沙垄地表性质的影响

Intensive grazing in spring-summer has been responsible for environmental deg- radation of the Gurbantunggut Desert in recent years. The coverage of plants and biological crusts, sand surface stability and physicochemical characteristics of soil on the dune surface were conducted in 2002 (winter grazing) and 2005 (spring-summer grazing). The results showed that over 80% of the total area of the dune surface was covered by well-developed biological crusts and plants in 2002, when the interdune and middle to lower part of dune slopes were stabilized and only the crest had 10-40 m wide mobile belt. Affected by spring-summer grazing in 2005, over 80% of the total cover of biological crust was destructed and the plant coverage only reached 1/5 of that in 2002, especially the ephemeral plant cover had a great change. The value of sand transport potential in 2005 only reached 1/3 of that in 2002, but the total surface activity in 2005 was 1.6 times stronger than that in 2002. Mean- while the mobile area began to expand from the dune top to the whole dune surface following spring-summer grazing. Compared with 2002, medium sand content of the dune surface soil increased by 13.9%, while that of fine and very fine sands decreased by 7.4% and 8.0% re- spectively in 2005 and the soil organic matter in 2005 was only about 1/2 of that in 2002. It is obvious that the presence of snow cover and frozen soil in winter could avoid the surface structure destruction in winter, while spring--summer grazing made excessive damage to biologic crusts and ephemeral plants. Spring is the main windy season in Gurbantunggut Desert and therefore intensive activity of dune surface occurred following spring-summer grazing, which led to a great loss of fine sand and organic matter. It can be seen that grazing season have a significant influence on the sustainable development of the desert ecosystem in Northwest China.     

塔克拉玛干沙漠优势植物化学成分特征

塔克拉玛干沙漠优势植物化学成分的若干特征与土壤盐分的性质相联系，对优势植物及植物群落的化学元素特征型、盐生植物类群的划分进行了讨论。在塔克拉玛干沙漠环境中，藜科植物占有一定优势、且含有较高的可溶性盐分和灰分，而海蓬子、盐节木、盐穗木是一类富含Ｎａ和Ｃｌ的植物，芦苇、小獐毛是富含ＳｉＯ＿２的植物。     

放牧对阿拉善荒漠草地土壤性状的影响

对阿拉善荒漠草地不同放牧条件下土壤理化性状的变化进行了研究,结果表明:在草地基况一致的条件下,经过连续6a不同强度的放牧,0~ 20cm土层土壤容重轻牧和重牧区低于中牧区。随着放牧强度的增加,土壤颗粒组成极粗砂、粗砂和中砂含量增加,细砂、极细砂、粉砂和粘粒含量减少,过度放牧加快了土壤风蚀沙化。0~20cm土层中土壤有机C、全P的含量和C/N随着放牧强度的增加而依次降低;全N、全K、pH末发生明显变化;速效N和速效K重牧区显著高于轻牧区和中牧区;速效P轻牧区高于中、重牧区。土壤有机C与全P、速效P呈显著正相关;全P与速效N和K呈显著负相关,与速效P呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠地区温压湿分布规律研究

根据塔克拉玛干沙漠周围近20个气象测站36 a冬季(1月)、夏季(7月)平均气温、气压、相对湿度和塔克拉玛干沙漠地区6个短期观测站近10 a的有关气象资料,对该地区冬、夏季平均温度、相对湿度、气压分布规律进行了系统研究,建立了冬季(1月)平均温度、夏季(7月)平均温度预测方程:T₁=31.0069-0.2038λ-0.4556h-0.003H;T₇=57.0155-0.6425h-0.0055H。同时,在此基础上,应用统计学导出的正态分布和U分布概率模式,预测了塔克拉玛干沙漠周围各测站冬夏季不同概率的设计值,并进行了χ²检验,通过率100%。以预测方程和概率模式揭示了塔克拉玛干沙漠地区冬夏季温、压、湿分布规律。     

腾格里沙漠东南缘荒漠植被盖度月变化特征及生态恢复

 研究表明:封育区植被盖度一年四季大于未封育区,在正常年份的生长季内前者植被盖度为17.89%~29.39%,后者为11.60%~16.05%。封育区和未封育区150 m样线上的灌木植物在70~90株(丛)和60~70株（丛）之间,基本保持稳定;草本植物个体数月变化则显著,未封育区从4月份以后数量递增, 7、8月显著增加,8月底达到最大值,而封育区则表现为4、 5月增加,6月减少,7、8、9月线性增加,达到最大值,且未封育区草本植物的数量少于封育区。未封育区由于植被盖度低,灌丛分布不均匀,沙面裸露多,地面风沙流活动强烈,白刺沙包风蚀严重;而封育区植被盖度较大,灌丛分布较均匀,风沙流活动弱,白刺沙包稳定,形成了较为稳定的自然植被生态系统。试验表明,在当地气候和地理条件下,通过封育或避免人为干预,荒漠区生态植被的自然恢复,可大大增加防风固沙能力,改善当地的生态环境。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地沙丘表面温度特征初探

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地沙丘表面温度因不同部位、不同时段差异很大。作者通过冬、夏典型时段的观测数据,对沙丘各个部位表层的温度分布特征做了初步的探讨和分析,主要结论有:①沙丘表面的日最高温度出现在落沙坡,落沙坡与沙丘其他部位的温度差以冬季沙丘右翼为最大。②沙丘表面日较差最大的部位是落沙坡,夏季大于冬季;日较差最小的部位冬季发生在右翼,而夏季则发生在顶部。③沙丘各部位浅层地温,也以落沙坡为最高。④沙丘不同部位表层导温率也有很大的差别。     

阿拉善荒漠5种灌丛下土壤细菌特征

为了加深对阿拉善荒漠土壤环境状况的了解,并为植被生态功能的评价以及植物群落的保育与恢复提供理论依据,基于16S rDNA高通量测序和相关统计分析方法,对5种荒漠建群灌木红砂(Reaumuria soongarica)、绵刺(Potaninia mongolica)、沙冬青(Ammopiptanthus mongolic...     

Uranium mineralization in the muscovite-rich granites of the Shalatin region, Southeastern Desert, Egypt

1INTRODUCTION THELATEPRECAMBRIANGRANITOIDSOFTHEARABONU BIANSHIELDINEGYPTWEREEXPOSEDBYEARLYTOMIDDLE TERTIARYUPLIFTANDENSUINGEROSIONDURINGTHEREDSEA RIFTINGEVENT(GREENBERG,1981).THEREAREANUMBER OFEFFECTIVEANDRELATIVELYSUCCESSFULSCHEMESFORTHE CLASSIFICATIONOF…     

The Role of Groundwater in the Salt Lakes in the Badain Jaran Desert,China

正The Badain Jaran Desert is the second largest desert in China with tallest sand dunes on the earth.In contrast to the extremely dry climate,there are about 100 lakes spreading regularly over the depressions among high