内蒙古西部库布齐沙漠北缘沙漠化特征讨论

磴口—乌拉特前旗一带,库布齐沙漠北缘前锋带被黄河严格地限制在河道南岸,即向北弧形突出的河道基本上是库布齐沙漠西段的北部边界。库布齐沙漠自19 ka前开始发育,7 ka以来在出现了横贯东西的沙漠覆盖之后,其北缘一直在向北扩展。作者通过历史文献记录、遥感影像解译,结合沉积特征与地貌演变等相关资料的分析,认为库布齐沙漠北缘由南向北不断前行,迫使磴口—乌拉特前旗段最初近东西向延伸的黄河河道向北弧形突出,并导致库布齐沙漠北缘前锋带被严格地限制在黄河南岸展布。库布齐沙漠北缘的持续向北推进,将对位于黄河北岸的河套盆地内大片湿地及农田生态环境安全产生严重的威胁。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地两种灌木有效根系密度分布规律的研究

在塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地通过分层分段挖掘法对滴灌条件下多枝柽柳(Tamarix ramosis-sima)和梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)幼苗根区有效根长密度和有效根重密度空间分布进行了研究。结果表明:梭梭幼苗平均有效根系密度为多枝柽柳幼苗的3倍左右。在垂直方向上,两种灌木的有效根系密度的变化因树种而异,多枝柽柳幼苗随土层深度的增加呈指数递减,而梭梭幼苗随土层深度的增加呈单峰型曲线。在水平方向上,两种灌木幼苗有效根系密度均随距离植株基径距离的增加呈指数递减。非线性参数拟合分析表明:采用RD=eA BX CZ函数模型能较好地反映滴灌条件下多枝柽柳幼苗的有效根系密度的空间分布。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠中部地区线形沙丘表面动力学过程

通过野外观测与室内风洞实验模拟,结合研究区气象资料统计分析,研究了塔克拉玛干沙漠中部地区线形沙丘表面动力学过程。结果表明,塔克拉玛干沙漠中部地区的线形沙丘与主风向的夹角为１２．５°,与年合成输沙方向（ＲＤＤ）的夹角为４．８°。年合成风向与主风向一致,但风向变率较大。风洞模拟实验揭示,当风向与线形沙丘的夹角较小时,沙丘背风侧均有旁侧气流存在,且随夹角增大而减弱。气流与输沙势分解结果显示,由于平行于沙丘的输沙分量显著大于垂直于沙丘的输沙分量,使线形沙丘纵向移动较快,约为１０ｍ·ａ－１。整体侧向移动不明显,但因风向变率较大,沙丘基座以上局部侧向移动频繁;平行于沙丘的气流分量大于垂直于沙丘的分量,加上背风侧旁侧气流盛行,使沙粒的总体运动方向平行于沙丘的走向方向,从而使线形沙丘在快速纵向移动的过程中保持形态基本不变。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠风沙活动强度特征

通过风资料的统计和计算,对塔克拉玛干沙漠风沙活动强度特征进行了系统研究。结果表明,塔克拉玛干沙漠年平均风速较小,在沙漠内部年平均风速与温度变化呈现“风热同步”现象;有效起沙风作用时间存在明显区域差异,随着风速等级的增加,其出现的频率相应减少,基本上都集中在6.1～10.0m/s之间;输沙势和最大可能输沙量,除若羌地区外,整个沙漠属于低风能环境,且存在很大区域差异,对输沙贡献最大的风速以9.0～11.0m/s为主。     

贺兰山对银川一次致灾暴雨过程影响的数值模拟

贺兰山是中国西北地区干旱区与半干旱区的重要分界线,但是其地形对某些强降水天气过程的影响并不清楚。本文利用WRFV3.4中尺度数值模式,对2012年7月29-30日发生在银川的罕见大暴雨过程进行了数值模拟,并进行了削平贺兰山的敏感性试验。结果表明:贺兰山地形对其东侧银川地区低层绕流气旋的产生、垂直运动、散度场、水汽通量散度都有促进、加强作用,对此次银川大暴雨的产生起了至关重要的作用; 若将贺兰山削平,在贺兰山以西的腾格里沙漠东部地区低层流场将出现切变辐合,垂直运动、散度场、水汽通量散度加强,会导致该地区降水强度增强、范围扩大。这表明,就该区域某些强降水天气过程而言,贺兰山加强其以东银川地区的降水,而对其以西腾格里沙漠东部的降水产生明显的不利影响。     

Could the conventionally known Abu Roash “G” reservoir (upper Cenomanian) be a promising active hydrocarbon source in the extreme northwestern part of Egypt? Palynofacies,palaeoenvironmental, and organic geochemical answers

In different areas of the Western Desert of Egypt, the Abu Roash “G” Member exhibits either a reservoir or source affinity. Thus, thirteen cutting samples covering the Abu Roash “G” Member were selected from the Nest-1A well at Matruh Basin to investigate its hydrocarbon source potential. Palynological age dating of the section that is calibrated with foraminifera and ostracodes enabled a proper identification of the “G” Member. Detailed analysis of the vertical distribution of particulate organic matter of this member shows two palynofacies types. PF-1 reflects an outer middle shelf depositional environment of prevailed reducing (suboxic-anoxic) conditions for the organic-rich shales of the lower “G” Member (samples 1–8). While, PF-2 reflects a minor regression that resulted in deposition of another organic-rich shales of the upper “G” Member (samples 9–13) in an inner middle shelf setting under the same prevailing reducing (suboxic-anoxic) conditions.Organic geochemical analysis reveals good to very good potential of the “G” Member as a hydrocarbon source rock (1.8–2.41, avg. 2.15 total organic content wt %). It also shows good to very good petroleum potential (PP: 4.8–11 , avg. 8 mg HC/g rock). Pyrolsis and palynofacies analyses show kerogen type II for the lower “G” Member (samples 1–8), which is characterized by high Hydrogen index (HI: 396 and 329 mg HC/g TOC at depths 1500 and 1560 m) and very high dominance of oil-prone material (amorphous organic matter “AOM”, marine palynomorphs, and sporomorphs) and very rare occurrence of gas-prone material (brown phytoclasts). The upper “G” Member (samples 9–13) shows kerogen type II-III, which is characterized by a lower HI value of 213 mg HC/g TOC at depth 1340 m and it contains fewer amounts of gas-prone material and relatively lower AOM and marine palynomorphs in comparison to the upper “G” Member. Maturation parameters T_max (430–433 °C), production index (PI: 0.1 mg HC/g rock), and thermal alteration index (TAI: 2+) indicate the lower “G” Member has already entered the early oil-window kitchen, and it is expected to produce oil. The upper “G” Member is expected to produce only oil with no gas shows, because it is marginally mature (T_max 426 °C, PI 0.2, TAI 2). The source potential index (SPI: 5.3 t HC/m²) of the “G” Member shows it as currently generating moderate quantities of oil in the area of Nest-1A well.Consequently, the organic-rich shales of the “G” Member are suggested here as a promising, active oil source rock in that extreme northwestern part of the Western Desert of Egypt. However, for commercial oil recovery from the Abu Roash “G” Member, it is highly recommended to explore the depocentre of Matruh Basin at about 150 km east the Nest-1A well.     

Vegetation in an altitudinal gradient along the R?́o Loa in the Atacama Desert of northern Chile

Six sites between 0 m and 4000 m were sampled for plant and soil chemical characteristics along the Río Loa, Atacama Desert, Chile. Sites located between 0 m and 1500 m showed lower species richness, higher plant cover and higher herbaceous productivity than the upper part of the altitudinal gradient. The number of species varied non-linerly with precipitation along the altitudinal gradient. Plant cover and herbaceous productivity in the lowlands is characterized by thePluchea absinthioides Distichlis spicataassociation of anthropic origin. We propose that vegetation structure along the altitudinal gradient has been affected by past and present human activities, and climatic and edaphic factors.     

Younger Dryas时期东亚季风气候和中国东部沙区沙漠变化

位于沙漠／黄土过渡带的杨桃峁剖面,高分辨率地记录了ＹｏｕｎｇｅｒＤｒｙａｓ时期东亚季风气候和沙漠变化历史。在ＡＭＳ１４Ｃ测年基础上,磁化率、粒度和有机质含量等替代性气候指标的测试结果分析表明,ＹｏｕｎｇｅｒＤｒｙａｓ时期东亚季风气候在全球气候变化的影响下,总的表现为与北半球高纬度地区相同的干寒特征,即沙漠总的具有扩大的趋势;但又与南北半球大气相互作用,特别是赤道太平洋地区气压异常引起亚洲季风气候的不稳定有关,表现出降水变化特点,沙漠出现逆过程变化,存在短暂成壤固定时期。     

巴丹吉林沙漠湖泊年轻沉积物14C测年初步研究

沙漠湖泊沉积物是研究气候环境变化的珍贵材料,湖泊岩芯年代学研究是重建古气候和古环境的基础和前提,然而其年代的测定存在诸多困难,尤其是年轻湖泊沉积物测年一直是当前地质年代学研究的难题。~(14)C测年作为一种传统的测年方法已被广泛应用于各类湖泊年轻沉积物的年代测定。巴丹吉林沙漠湖泊年轻沉积物能否利用~(14)C方法进行测年,其可靠性如何,需进行研究和验证。选择巴丹吉林沙漠腹地的两支岩芯(BR-1和YD-1),对其进行了~(14)C测年,并与已有的~(210)P_(buns)及其推算年代进行了对比。结果表明:1)沙漠湖泊中的植物残体来源存在较大的随机性,可能是原有的更老沉积层中的植物残体的再沉积,测年结果偏老约1000年。2)湖泊岩芯中有机沉积物样品的年代结果基本符合沉积规律,但受硬水效应的影响,其年代整体偏老400~900年。3)与~(210)P_(buns)年代对比,两种不同测年物质所测得的年代均存在不同程度的偏老现象,表明岩芯所在湖泊~(14)C年龄受多种因素影响,总体存在很大的不确定性。在测年材料极为稀缺的沙漠丘间湖区,利用岩芯中的植物残体、沉积物有机质进行~(14)C测年,可能受老沉积层中测年材料再沉积、湖水碳库效应等因素的影响,~(14)C年代存在诸多不确定性。因此,在对巴丹吉林沙漠丘间湖泊年轻沉积物测年研究过程中应谨慎运用。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠地面有效辐射研究

本文利用塔克拉玛干沙漠科学考察期间采集的整年沙漠辐射观测资料,结合沙漠周围地区有效辐射计算值,分析了沙漠有效辐射的日变化及影响因子的作用,同时分析研究了沙漠及周围地区有效辐射的年变化以及有效辐射的地理分布。