根鞘微生境对羽毛针禾沙生适应性的生态调节

羽毛针禾(Stipagrostis pennata)是古尔班通古特沙漠流动沙丘的先锋禾草和优良固沙植物,本研究从形态结构、理化特性、生物学特性等方面对其复杂的根区生境进行了分析。结果表明:①野生羽毛针禾能够形成特殊的根鞘结构(即由土壤颗粒与根表分泌物及根毛、菌丝体相互胶结、缠绕形成的特殊结构),使根区环境相对稳定;②根鞘的存在可有效扩大根系与土壤的接触面积,有利于根系-土壤信息交流及水分和养分的交换,对植物忍耐干旱逆境胁迫尤为重要;③根鞘的形成明显改善了其所在微生境的土壤条件,根鞘含水量可达外围土壤的5倍,成为潜在的水库;根鞘的形成明显改善了养分尤其是氮素累积状况,其全氮含量显著高于外围土壤,速效氮、微生物量氮含量极显著(P<0.01),高于外围土壤;根鞘微生境呈碱性,pH值略低于外围土壤;④根鞘中碱性磷酸酶、脲酶、多酚氧化酶、蔗糖酶等各类水解酶、氧化酶均极显著(P<0.01)高于根外围土壤,反映出根鞘微生物学过程较强、土壤肥力较高,可有效增加土壤有机碳氮的转化,促进根鞘微生境养分循环;⑤可培养微生物分析结果显示,细菌在根鞘微生境中占绝对优势(99.72%±0.09%);可培养微生物优势类群为芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus)、链霉菌属(Streptomyces)、青霉属(Penicillium)。上述微生物具有固沙、固氮、解磷、产抗生素等生态潜能,有助于改善羽毛针禾根区营养吸收,促进植株生长。因此,作为对高温、缺水恶劣环境的一种应答结构,根鞘的形成促进了植物根土界面的信息交流及水分和养分的交换,有利于植物、土壤、微生物建立互惠互利的关系,对植物忍耐干旱逆境胁迫尤为重要。     

新疆喀拉库姆沙漠新月形沙丘不同部位粒度特征

对新疆叶尔羌河流域绿洲边缘喀拉库姆沙漠高度在3～12 m的新月形沙丘进行了粒度分析。结果表明:表层和下层沉积物均以细砂和极细砂为主,二者含量达82%以上。表层沉积物较下层稍粗,平均粒径分别为2.09 Φ和2.16 Φ。下层沉积物较表层分选性好,σ均值分别为0.48和0.62。表层和下层沉积物偏度均为正偏,SK均值分别为0.21和0.24。峰态均为尖窄,Kg均值分别为1.18和1.11。表层和下层沉积物平均粒径均表现为丘顶最粗,背风坡坡脚最细,由两侧坡脚至丘顶平均粒径变粗,平均粒径与其他粒度特征参数之间均存在良好的相关性。分析表明,喀拉库姆沙漠沙丘沉积物粒度特征除受物源这一背景制约外,还与区域构造、沙漠地貌、植被、气候和较为复杂的风沙动力学过程等众多因素有关。     

腾格里沙漠东南缘4种灌木的生物量预测模型

灌木生物量模型是预测灌木生物量最有效的方法。选择腾格里沙漠南缘荒漠生态系统中常见的4种灌木（驼绒藜(Ceratoides latens)、盐爪爪(Kalidium foliatum)、珍珠猪毛菜(Salsola passerina)、红砂(Reaumuria soongarica)）为研究对象,以株高（H）和冠幅（C）的复合因子灌木体积（V）为自变量,通过回归分析,分别构建了4种灌木和混合物种的叶、新生枝、老龄枝、地上部分、地下部分和整株生物量的预测模型。通过决定系数（R2）、估计值的标准误（SEE）和回归检验显著水平（p＜0.05）筛选出了最优的生物量估测模型。结果显示:4种灌木的生物量模型主要以幂函数W=aVb为最优模型,少数以三次函数W=a+bV+cV2+dV3为最优模型。灌木生物量与V之间呈极显著的相关关系（p＜0.001）,决定系数较高,分别为:叶片（0.775＜R2＜0.866）,新生枝（0.694＜R2＜0.840）,老龄枝（0.819＜R2＜0.916）,地上部（0.832＜R2＜0.917）,地下部分（0.74＜R2＜0.808）,全株（0.811＜R2＜0.912）,说明预测模型可以应用于此4种灌木的生物量估算。不同物种之间及不同器官之间的生物量模型存在差异,在实际使用中,要根据物种来选择相应的模型。生物量模型的建立有助于全面估算荒漠生态系统的生物量,并进一步评估生态系统不同碳库的碳存储量与碳循环。为有效提高荒漠草地碳储量、合理实施生态系统管理和人为干预提供科学依据。     

库布齐沙漠典型地区沙漠化动态分析

 以库布齐沙漠东部达拉特旗的农牧交错区为研究区域,以达拉特旗1987年、1995年、2000年和2003年四期遥感影像为信息源,在3S技术支持下,对遥感影像进行解译,获得1987—2003年来沙漠化动态变化数据,分析了该地区20世纪80年代中期到21世纪初的沙漠化变化情况,从土地流向角度探讨了沙漠化发展演变的动力机制。结果表明：该地区近20 a来,四个时期的沙漠化土地面积处于减少—增加—再增加的过程中,而沙漠化程度呈现减少—减少—增加的趋势,且2000—2003年间,是该地区沙漠化程度动态变化最大的时期。从土地流向看,各种土地类型向沙漠化土地之间的转化是导致沙漠化的一个重要原因之一,而土地利用类型之间的转化主要是由人类不合理的土地利用方式造成的。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠沙尘演变及气候因素分析

Based on the sand dust storms data and climatic data in 12 meteorological stations around sand dust storm originating areas of the Taklimakan Desert, we analyzed the trends of the number of dust storm days from 1960 to 2005 as well as their correlations with temperature, precipitation, wind speed and the number of days with mean wind speed 〉 5 m/s. The results show that the frequency of dust storm events in the Taklimakan region decreased with the elapse of time. Except Ruoqiang and Minfeng, in the other 10 meteorological stations, the frequency of dust storm events reduces, and in 4 meteorological stations of Kuqa, Korla, Kalpin and Hotan, the frequency of dust storm events distinctly decreases. The temperature has an increasing trend, while the average wind speed and the number of days with mean wind speed ≥ 5 m/s have decreasing trends. The correlation analysis between the number of days of dust storms and climatic parameters demonstrates that wind speed and the number of days with mean wind speed 〉 5 m/s have strong positive correlation with the number of days of dust storms, with the correlations coefficients being 0.743 and 0.720 （p〈0.01）, respectively, which indicates that strong wind is the direct factor resulting in sand dust storms. Whereas precipitation has significant negative correlation with the number of days of dust storms （p〈0.01）, and the prior annual precipitation has also negative correlation, which indicates that the prior precipitation restrains the occurrence of sand dust storms, but this restraining action is weaker than the same year＇s precipitation. Temperature has negative correlation with the number of dust storm days, with a correlations coefficient of -0.433 （p〈0.01）, which means that temperature change also has impacts on the occurrence of dust storm events in the Taklimakan region.     

Magnitude and frequency of grain flows on a desert sand dune

Preliminary studies of the magnitude and frequency of lee side avalanches (grain flows) on a Namib crescentic dune show that the frequency of grain flows for a given segment of the lee face is dependent on the wind speed and sand transport rate for the period preceding their initiation; and the magnitude of the flows as described by their area is inversely proportional to the interval between flows and thus wind speed and sand transport rates. These studies indicate the potential of using a simple digital video camera technique to document the magnitude, frequency and geometry of grain flows on desert sand dunes.     

巴丹吉林沙漠季节冻土特征

通过巴丹吉林沙漠腹地连续的地温观测和2014年1月的专题考察,发现巴丹吉林沙漠属于季节冻土区,年冻结时间长达4个月.沙漠内部的局地地形和湖泊分布是影响季节冻土分布差异的重要因素.迎风坡和背风坡冻土冻结深度显著大于丘间地冻结深度,湖泊的存在使湖泊周边地区最大冻结深度显著变浅.通过沙漠及其周边地区地温、气温、地气温差的分析,结合我们在巴丹吉林沙漠外围发现的末次冰期砂楔群,表明我国北方沙漠在末次冰期属于不连续的多年冻土区.     

Micro‐geomorphology determines community structure of biological soil crusts at small scales

Biological soil crusts (BSCs) are ubiquitous communities of diminutive organisms such as cyanobacteria, green algae, lichens, mosses and others associated closely with particles of surface soil, forming a cohesive thin horizontal layer. The ecological roles of BSCs affecting soil nutrient cycling, stability and hydrological processes, influencing the germination and establishment of vascular plants, and serving as habitats for numerous arthropods and microorganism have been well documented. We tested the hypothesis that micro‐geomorphological features determine the spatial distribution of BSCs by reallocating related abiotic resources at small‐ and medium‐scales in the Tengger Desert. Our results showed that higher soil pH and higher total potassium content in topsoil positively correlated with the colonization of cyanobacteria and algae in the earliest successional stages of BSCs, while increasing dust deposition onto the topsoil enhanced the development of lichen and mosses in the later stages of BSCs. Increasing soil moisture raised the proportion of mosses and lichen in BSCs, this will possibly change the ecological functions of BSCs, such as nitrogen‐fixation by cyanobacteria, due to the conversion from a complex to relative simple type of BSC. Micro‐geomorphology has created various habitats at a small‐scale affecting colonization and development of cryptogams. This paper considers the contribution of micro‐geomorphology to biodiversity in the extreme arid desert systems. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

巴丹吉林沙漠湖泊及地下水化学特征

通过对巴丹吉林沙漠丘间湖泊和古日乃、雅布赖、阿拉善右旗等地及其周围浅层地下水离子化学成分分析,探讨了沙漠地区湖水与地下水化学成分特点、水化学类型、空间变化和湖水补给来源。结果显示,巴丹吉林沙漠湖泊水的pH、盐度、TDS和电导率均远远大于地下水。湖水样品中Na⁺和Cl^-含量占绝对优势,大多数盐度较高的湖泊属于Na(K)-Cl-(SO₄) 型,个别盐度较低的微咸湖属于Na-(Mg)-(Ca)-Cl-(SO₄)-(HCO₃) 型。地下水的化学类型多数为Na-(Ca)-(Mg)-Cl-(SO₄)-(HCO₃)型,属微咸水,个别为Na-Cl-SO4型的咸水。沙漠东南部湖群水的pH值、盐度、TDS和电导率比较低,呈微碱性,属微咸湖;而北部湖群水的pH、盐度、TDS和电导率远远大于东南部湖群,呈中等碱性,为盐水湖。湖水离子化学特征显示沙漠东南部湖群自南向北的演化趋势为：微咸湖→咸水湖→盐水湖。湖水离子化学成分短时间序列变化指示,近9 年宝日陶勒盖、巴丹东湖、巴丹西湖、诺尔图、呼和吉林湖水中的大多数离子的含量有所降低,表明其近9 年来淡水补给量增多。湖水化学成分与湖水位高度显示,巴丹吉林沙漠湖群湖水流向是由东南流向西北。水化学成分和水位分布高度表明,该区沙漠湖水主要来自当地降水补给和来自沙漠东南缘雅布赖山和南缘的黑山头山地降水的补给,而来自祁连山区来水补给的可能性很小。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地沙尘暴过程大气颗粒物浓度及影响因素分析

利用Grimm1.108、Thermo RP 1400a、TSP以及CAWS-600等仪器,对2008年4月17日至23日发生在塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地的1次强沙尘暴过程的颗粒物质量浓度进行连续观测,结合天气资料分析得出:①Grimm1.108颗粒物分析仪监测结果表明,日平均浓度出现两个峰值区,主峰值出现在20日,次峰值出现在18日,而小时平均浓度高值区主要集中4月19日至20日,21日中午存在1个峰值区,其他时段浓度相对较低。②强沙尘暴发生时的分钟观测数据表明,随着风速的逐渐增强,沙尘暴强度逐渐增强,不同粒径颗粒物浓度达到最大值,>0.23 μm颗粒物总浓度为39 496.5 μg·m-3,>20.0 μm颗粒物总浓度为5 390.7 μg·m-3,随后浓度逐渐下降。③PM10和TSP的浓度变化同样反映沙尘天气的过程和强度,沙尘暴前期大气中颗粒物浓度远低于强沙尘暴期间,随沙尘天气减弱,颗粒物浓度明显下降。④沙尘天气过程中大气颗粒物浓度变化具有以下规律：晴天<浮尘天气<浮尘、扬沙天气<沙尘暴天气。风速大小直接影响大气中颗粒物浓度,风速越大颗粒物浓度越高。气温、相对湿度和气压是影响沙尘暴强度的重要因素,也间接影响大气中颗粒物浓度的变化。