Recently exposed vegetation reveals Holocene changes in the extent of the Quelccaya Ice Cap, Peru

Radiocarbon dating of well-preserved, in-place vegetation exposed by the retreating Quelccaya Ice Cap of southeastern Peru constrains the last time the ice cap's extent was smaller than at present. Seventeen plant samples from two sites along the central western margin collectively date to 4700 and 5100 cal yr BP and strongly indicate that current ice cap retreat is unprecedented over the past ∼ 5 millennia. Seventeen vegetation samples interbedded in a nearby clastic sedimentary sequence suggest ice-free conditions at this site from ∼ 5200 to at least ∼ 7000 cal yr BP, and place minimum constraint on early- to mid-Holocene ice cap extent.     

贡嘎山海螺沟冰川沉积特征与冰下过程研究

贡嘎山海螺沟冰川是典型的海洋性冰川,粒度分析表明:冰下融出碛的细粒组分中粉砂占优势,压碎组分与磨碎组分界线在0.5 mm附近,说明其经历充分的研磨细化.与西藏枪勇冰川和天山乌鲁木齐河源冰川的矿物组成和化学成分对比,海螺沟冰川沉积物的经历的化学风化作用更强,即海洋性冰川冰下化学作用比大陆性冰川活跃.显微层理构造、正粒序层理和沉积透镜体反映海洋性冰川底部存在周期性沉积机制和明显的流水作用,显微滞碛是较常见的冰下融出碛类型.沉积物中显微褶皱和断层等反映海洋性冰川强烈滑动、剪切变形过程机制.     

全球变暖背景下海螺沟冰川近百年的变化

海螺沟冰川是我国典型的温冰川之一,对100 a来各种观测资料的分析发现:海螺沟冰川自1823年以来末端海拔上升300 m,年均升高1.64 m,20世纪以来末端海拔上升速度加快;在20世纪呈现明显的退缩变化,76 a冰川后退1 821.8 m,年均后退24 m.运用冰川学方法恢复了海螺沟冰川45a来的物质平衡变化,45 a累积物质平衡值为-10 825.5 mm(水当量),年均平衡值为-240.6 mm(水当量).在全球变暖影响下,冰川雪线不断上升,冰川活动强烈,导致冰面形态发生了明显变化,具体表现为:冰川厚度不断变薄、大冰瀑布上出现巨大塌陷洞穴、冰面丘融化变形、冰面径流不断变大、冰川弧拱区裂隙密布等,冰川内部的径流冲刷和冰川表面的剧烈消融是海螺沟冰川表面形态发生显著变化的主要机制.总之,在全球变暖背景下,该冰川表现出以亏损为特征的退缩变化趋势.     

The Brampton kame belt and Pennine escarpment meltwater channel system (Cumbria, UK): Morphology, sedimentology and formation

The Brampton kame belt represents one of the largest glaciofluvial complexes within the UK. It is composed of an array of landform-sediment assemblages, associated with a suite of meltwater channels and situated within a palimpsest landscape of glacial features in the heart of one of the most dynamic parts of the British-Irish Ice Sheet. Glacial geomorphological mapping and sedimentological analysis have allowed a detailed reconstruction of both the morphological features and the temporal evolution of the Brampton kame belt, with processes informed by analogues from modern ice margins. The kame belt demonstrates the development of a complex glacier karst typified by the evolution of subglacial meltwater tunnels into an englacial and supraglacial meltwater system dominated by ice-walled lakes and migrating ice-contact drainage networks. Topographic inversion led to the extensive reworking of sediments, with vertical collapse and debris flows causing partial disintegration of the morphology. The resultant landform comprises a series of kettle holes, discontinuous ridges and flat-topped hills. The Pennine escarpment meltwater network, which fed the Brampton kame belt, is composed of an anastomosing subglacial channel system and flights of lateral channels. The Brampton kame belt is envisaged to have formed during the stagnation of ice in the lee of the Pennines as ice retreated westwards into the Solway Lowlands. The formation of the Brampton kame belt also has particular conceptual resonance in terms of constraining the nature of kame genesis, whereby an evolving glacier karst is a key mechanism in the spatial and temporal development of ice-contact sediment-landform associations.     

Sensitivity to long-term climate change of subpermafrost groundwater systems in Svalbard

Deep subpermafrost aquifers are highly climate-dependent, with the permafrost as an aquitard preventing groundwater recharge and discharge. A study from the high-arctic island of Spitsbergen, Svalbard, shows that during a glacial to interglacial phase, both the permafrost and the glacier regime will respond to climatic changes, and a glacier-fed groundwater flow system will vary accordingly. A full glaciation results in the melting of permafrost, and groundwater can flow through pores and fracture systems in the rocks and sediments below the temperate zones of glaciers. These groundwater flow systems will mainly be localized to fjords and valleys and form low-lying terrestrial springs when the relative sea level drops during deglaciation due to glacio-isostatic rise. During an interglaciation, permafrost develops and thickens and the groundwater recharge and discharge areas will thereby be gradually reduced to a minimum reached at the warmest part of an interglaciation. An already frozen spring system cannot reopen before the permafrost melts. Only groundwater springs related to permanently warm-based glacial ice will persist into the next glaciation. During a new glaciation, flow systems that terminated during the previous interglaciation may become revitalized if overridden by warm-based ice causing permafrost thawing.     

念青唐古拉山拉弄冰川气象要素变化特征

利用在念青唐古拉山拉弄冰川垭口架设的自动气象站观测资料,分析了2006年9月1日至2007年8月31日的气温、气压、相对湿度和风等气象要素的日和季节变化特征.结果表明:拉弄冰川垭口气温日变化呈现升温快降温慢的特点,年平均气温为-8.1℃,最冷月为2月,最暖月为7月,其温度分别为-17.6℃和0.7℃;相对湿度日变化呈单峰单谷型,年平均相对湿度为53.4%,8月最大1月最小;气压日变化呈双峰双谷型,年均气压值为497.1hPa,9月值最大2月值最小,其气压分别为501.9hPa和489.9hPa;冬春季的风速日变化比夏秋季大,年均风速为4.2m.s-1,1月最大8月最小,其风速分别为7.5m.s-1和2.5m.s-1,全年盛行以偏南风和偏北风为主,约占全年盛行风向频率的75.2%.     

AFSA-BP神经网络在大坝变形预测中的应用

经典BP神经网络的初始权值和阈值随机给定,使得训练速度慢、网络易于陷入局部极值。引入具有强大全局搜索能力的人工鱼群算法(AFSA)优化BP网络的权值和阈值,建立了基于AFSA-BP神经网络的预测模型,并对大坝的实测资料进行了实证分析。与经典BP神经网络预测模型的预测结果比较表明:AFSA-BP神经网络模型不仅训练速度快,而且预测精度明显提高,是一种较好的大坝变形预测模型。     

工程物探方法在探测坝体隐患中的应用

针对锦西化工集团皂化渣场存在的防渗大坝渗水现象,采用综合物探方法对坝体进行渗漏检测.检测工作选择充电法、高密度电阻率法和浅震反射波法,准确地圈定了坝体内部的渗漏部位.经防漏施工后有效地制止了坝体渗漏.由此证实工程物探方法是一种经济、高效的坝体渗漏检测手段.     

吉林抚松老松江水电站坝基和坝体应力应变分析

以岩土力学为基础的土坝设计方法,能够定性和半定量地分析坝体和地基稳定性、估算坝体和地基的沉降量,而不能全面分析地基和坝体内部应力应变状态.采用邓肯E-K模型,对水电站坝基和坝体在填筑和蓄水条件下的应力和变形进行了动态模拟计算,结果表明,坝体和心墙垂直和水平变形在竣工和蓄水期均符合规范要求,心墙在蓄水期间不会产生水力劈裂.     

澜沧江漫湾电站水库诱发地震分析

全面分析了漫湾电站水库蓄水前后,库坝区周围地震活动时空强分布,水库蓄水的水位与库坝区地震活动的动态变化关系,结果表明,漫湾水库诱发地震的时间集中于蓄水后5年内,库水位升降之后1个月左右,库坝区发生高频度的3～4级地震,最大月频次为蓄水前的6倍,最大地震震级为4．6级,空间分布集中于大坝约10km范围内,为快速响应、震群型的诱发地震。