珠穆朗玛峰北坡地区河谷局地环流特征观测分析

利用中国科学院珠穆朗玛峰大气与环境综合观测研究站的大气边界层塔站数据分析了珠峰北面一处河谷中局地环流的日变化特征.发现该河谷中的局地环流主要受山谷风和冰川风的影响,后者自影响主要集中在下午和傍晚,冰川风强度较大,地面最大风速达到10 m·s-1.冰川风开始出现的时间通常是气温达到一天中最高的时刻,这表明冰川风气流温度较低,带来了降温.另外,对空气湿度变化的分析中也能发现冰川风气流的影响.     

乌鲁木齐河源区气候变化和1号冰川40a观测事实

分析研究了天山冰川站自 195 9年以来的气温、降水、水文、冰川物质平衡、冰川末端变化、冰川运动和冰川面积变化观测资料 .结果表明 ,2 0世纪 90年代中期以来 ,乌鲁木齐河源区处于一个最为显著的暖湿阶段 .195 8— 2 0 0 0年的 4 2a间 ,1号冰川年平均物质平衡量为 - 188.6mm (约为 - 34.6× 10 4m3 ) ,累积物质平衡量达到 - 792 5mm ,亦即冰川减薄了 8m多 ,累积亏损量达 14 5 2× 10 4m3 .1号冰川面积在 196 2— 2 0 0 0年的 38a间减少 0 .2 2km2 ,为 11% ,并呈加速减小趋势 .196 2年至今 ,1号冰川东支末端共退缩 16 8.95m ,西支 185 .2 3m ,冰川表面运动速度减缓 .1号冰川年融水径流量有增加趋势 ,1985年前后是个分界线 ,1986— 2 0 0 1年年均径流深为 936 .7mm ,较之 195 8— 1985年的 5 0 8.4mm高出 4 2 8.3mm ,亦即增加 84 .2 % .气温持续升高 ,冰川冷储减少可能是导致冰川加速消融的重要原因 .     

慕士塔格卡尔塔马克冰川作用区的水文与水化学特征

利用2003年6月1日~8月25日实测的水文数据,分析了慕士塔格峰卡尔塔马克冰川融水径流的变化特征.卡尔塔马克冰川融水径流主要集中在6~8月,其存在着明显的日变化过程,融水径流受控于温度及降水要素.同时,对8月10~23日采集的冰川径流样品及部分降水样品的pH、EC(电导率)和主要离子(Na⁺,K⁺,Ca²⁺,Mg²⁺,Cl^-,NO₃^-,SO₄^2-,未检测降水样品的离子含量)的测定结果进行了分析讨论.径流样品略偏碱性,pH和EC呈正相关关系.SO₄^2-和Ca²⁺是所测离子中主导的阴阳离子.除NO₃^-外,样品中各离子含量具有一致的变化特征;各离子浓度与流量或水位具有相反的变化趋势.初步讨论了离子的来源,结果表明冰川融水中化学物质组分主要来源于地表.     

近30a来托木尔峰南麓科其喀尔冰川冰舌区变化

20世纪80年代中期以来,托木尔峰南麓地区冰雪融水量明显增加,冰川处于强烈的消融退缩状态.根据对科其喀尔冰川冰舌区不同海拔探测表明,近30 a来冰川厚度明显减薄,冰舌区平均厚度减薄在0.5~1.5 m·a^-1之间.对科其喀尔冰川末端位置研究表明,科其喀尔冰川进入20世纪90年代以来处于比较强烈的退缩状态.相对于1974年的冰川位置,冰川退缩了380 m左右.科其喀尔冰川的全面退缩,标志着托木尔峰地区冰川处于全面的负物质平衡状态.     

基于无人机影像的冰面流速与高程变化提取方法

无人机遥感能够获取高精度、高分辨率的冰川表面三维形态,有助于揭示冰川的运动和消融变化,现已成为冰川变化监测的重要技术支撑.针对无人机高分辨率影像能够有效识别表碛覆盖型冰川表面细节特征点的优势,本文引入金字塔影像集和最小二乘匹配方法联合开展特征点的追踪,用以实现冰川表面特征点三维位移场提取和动态变化分析.以贡嘎山贡巴冰川...     

Seasonal controls of meltwater runoff chemistry and chemical weathering at Urumqi Glacier No.1 in central Asia

Temporal variation of runoff chemistry and its seasonal controls relating to chemical weathering processes and drainage system evolution were examined at Urumqi Glacier No.1 in Xinjiang, China, over a full melt season. The dominant ions in meltwater runoff are HCO₃^?, Ca²⁺, and SO₄^2?; and Fe, Sr, and Al are dominant elements. Concentrations of major ions and some elements show periodic variations with seasons and negatively correlate with discharge, whereas other elements (e.g., Al, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb) show a random change, providing insights into the hydrological and physicochemical controls. HCO₃^? and Ca²⁺ are primarily derived from calcite, SO₄^2? and Fe mainly come from pyrite, and Sr and Al principally originate from silicate. Hydrochemical fluxes of solutes exhibit strong seasonality but are positively related to discharge, suggesting an increasing release of solutes during higher flow conditions. Solute yields, cation denudation rate, and chemical weathering intensity observed at Urumqi Glacier No.1 are higher than those at most basins worldwide. This suggests that chemical weathering in central Asia may be stronger than at other glacial basins with similar specific discharge. Concentrations of some elements (e.g., Fe, Al, As, Pb, and Zn) are close to or exceed the guidelines for drinking water standards in meltwater‐fed rivers. These rivers may face future challenges of water quality degradation, and relationships between changing flow and water quality conditions should be established soon, given that development of channelized flow is expected to be earlier over a melt season in a warming climate.     

高亚洲冰川系统物质平衡特征及其对全球变化响应研究进展与展望

分布在高亚洲的大量现代冰川,是亚洲中部干旱半干旱地区最重要的淡水资源.高亚洲各区因环境差异,各区冰川系统物质平衡及其对全球气候变化的响应就表现出不同特点,需进一步应用冰川系统理论和方法对高亚洲冰川系统进行合理分区,研究各分区冰川系统的结构特征、物质平衡特征及其对气候变化的响应过程.通过总结国内外高亚洲冰川系统研究的现状,找出了国内外研究的优势及不足;在此基础上,从高亚洲冰川系统的等级划分、气候地形背景、结构特征、物质平衡特征、对全球变化的响应以及冰川系统径流变化对冰川灾害及环境影响的评估等方面进行了研究展望.并认为需要根据各区气候、地理条件划分不同的次级冰川系统,然后分别对不同冰川系统的冰川变化进行预测,根据冰川变化趋势,制定最优利用冰川水资源方案和冰川灾害防范措施.     

Tree-ring crossdates for a First Millennium AD advance of Tebenkof Glacier, southern Alaska

Tree-ring crossdates from glacially killed logs show that Tebenkof Glacier advanced into a forefield forest in the AD 710s and 720s. Recession from this First Millennium AD (FMA) advance occurred before the 950s, after which the ice margin readvanced in the 1280s to 1320s at the start of the Little Ice Age (LIA). A more extensive LIA advance was underway from the 1640s to 1670s, and the terminus stayed at or near its LIA maximum until the 1890s. These are the first absolute tree-ring crossdates for a FMA glacier advance in North America and support growing evidence from northwestern North America and Europe for a significant cool interval in the centuries around AD 500.     

The evolution of Petrov lake and moraine dam rupture risk (Tien-Shan,Kyrgyzstan)

An interdisciplinary study of glacier-related hazards in the Petrov lake region (Ak-Shiirak Range, the Inner Tien-Shan, Kyrgyzstan) has been undertaken to identify potential dangers to the area. A cooperative effort from experts in the fields of hydrology, glaciology, geomorphology and geophysics has been employed in this study. For the hazard assessment, evolution of the Petrov glacier and lake was reconstructed using historical reports, aerial photographs and satellite images. Geomorphological mapping and geophysical soundings was applied to the lake territory and the moraine dam. This has identified potentially hazardous areas of the dam including subsurface drainage zones and cracks that could cause a sudden extremely high discharge. In the past three decades, the Petrov lake has doubled in size, while in recent years, its area has been increasing by more than 92,000 square metres per year. Although there is no evidence for an imminent outburst, the dramatic increase in the lake’s size emphasizes the importance of this study.     

Recently exposed vegetation reveals Holocene changes in the extent of the Quelccaya Ice Cap, Peru

Radiocarbon dating of well-preserved, in-place vegetation exposed by the retreating Quelccaya Ice Cap of southeastern Peru constrains the last time the ice cap's extent was smaller than at present. Seventeen plant samples from two sites along the central western margin collectively date to 4700 and 5100 cal yr BP and strongly indicate that current ice cap retreat is unprecedented over the past ∼ 5 millennia. Seventeen vegetation samples interbedded in a nearby clastic sedimentary sequence suggest ice-free conditions at this site from ∼ 5200 to at least ∼ 7000 cal yr BP, and place minimum constraint on early- to mid-Holocene ice cap extent.