珠穆朗玛峰北坡绒布冰川表面辐射特征观测研究

在资料比较稀少的偏远山地冰川进行地面综合气象观测对于研究冰川变化极其重要.珠穆朗玛峰(27.98°N,86.92°E,海拔8844.43 m)地区位于青藏高原南部边缘喜马拉雅山脉中段,自然地理条件独特,环境脆弱,是气候变化和环境变迁的敏感区,同时也是现代冰川作用中心.2005年5-7月和2007年10月-2008年1月在珠穆朗玛峰北坡东绒布冰川积累区(28°01'N,86°57'E,海拔6560 m)开展了综合气象观测研究.分析表明,在东绒布冰川积累区春末夏初月平均气温从5月的-11.3℃上升到7月的-3.4℃,秋冬季月平均气温则从10月的-11.3℃下降到次年1月的-19.0℃.秋冬季主要受西风气流影响,盛行西风或西北风,而且风速较大,1月最大风速达到35 m/s;而在印度季风爆发后主要以南风或西南风为主,风速相对较小.由于海拔高、冰雪面与云之间的多重反射以及复杂地形影响导致地面总辐射较大.春末夏初和秋冬季总辐射平均值分别达到635和502 W/m2.尤其造成5-6月正午前后10 min短波辐射平均值发生超太阳常数的现象比较频繁,最长持续时间接近3 h.晴天由于周围地形作用可使地面总辐射增加140-310 W/m2,约占短波辐射的10%-23%.春末夏初和秋冬季平均反射率分别为0.72和0.69.云和空气湿度对大气长波辐射的影响比较显著,导致大气长波辐射同样具有日变化特征.在地表辐射平衡中云对地面净辐射起负效应.除在秋冬季阴天日平均净辐射为负值外,其余时间均为正值,说明净辐射是地表能量的主要来源.     

Dynamics and palaeoclimatic significance of a Loch Lomond Stadial glacier: Coire Ardair,Creag Meagaidh,Western Highlands,Scotland

The extent, basal conditions and retreat history of a Loch Lomond Stadial glacier are reconstructed based on detailed geomorphological and sedimentological assessment. We present new evidence from the vicinity of Coire Ardair that supports the former existence of a warm-based, locally-fed valley glacier, with probable cold-based ice on the surrounding plateau. This is broadly consistent with modelled creep-dominated flow in the upper catchment and sliding-dominated flow throughout much of the valley. A dense suite of moraines, primarily formed in ice-marginal environments, records a multi-phase recessional history: (1) active and oscillatory retreat; (2) a prolonged ice stillstand; (3) partial ice stagnation with occasional minor readvances; (4) increased oscillatory retreat with a substantial readvance event; and (5) rapid and uninterrupted retreat. We propose that a Coire Ardair glacier responded to sub-centennial scale climate fluctuations, possibly associated with the periodic delivery of warmer air masses to the region, rather than to a single, prominent shift in climate.     

1959-2013年中国境内萨吾尔山冰川变化特征

萨吾尔山冰川条数少,中国冰川编目将萨吾尔山南北坡的冰川分别附入了天山和阿尔泰山区的冰川,不便于冰川变化研究,因此应给予其特殊考虑.鉴于前人工作中鲜有涉及该区的冰川研究,以萨吾尔山区冰川为研究对象,利用地形图、冰川编目数据以及Landsat遥感影像数据结合实测探地雷达数据,分析萨吾尔山地区冰川变化特征.通过目视解译结合野外实地观测的方法,得到1959-2013年该区的冰川变化特征.结果表明:总体上,萨吾尔山冰川持续退缩明显,1959-2013年中国境内的冰川面积由17.69 km²退缩为10.13 km²,退缩率42.74%,平均每年退缩0.14 km²;萨吾尔山北坡的冰川退缩率为37.57%,南坡退缩率为72.69%,南坡冰川退缩率基本为北坡的两倍.分析认为,南坡冰川退缩率较高的原因除了与坡向因素有关外,单条冰川面积大小是该差异的主要影响因素;基于木斯岛冰川探地雷达测厚结果,对该冰川体积进行了初步估算并与1959年地形图估算出的体积进行对比,发现该冰川体积减少约44.6%.     

Regional modelling of present,past and future potential distribution of discontinuous permafrost based on a rock glacier inventory in the Bagnes‐Hérémence area (Western Swiss Alps)

A regional model was used to draw the permafrost distribution in the 200 km 2 of the Bagnes-Hérémence area (Western Swiss Alps). The model is based on the fact that permafrost distribution depends mainly on altitude and orientation and that the minimal altitude of active/inactive rock glaciers can be used as an indicator of the lower limit of discontinuous permafrost. The lower limit of relict rock glaciers is also used as an indicator of past distribution of permafrost. An inventory of rock glaciers was therefore made in the study area. The lower limit of permafrost during the Younger Dryas was determined by comparing the position of relict rock glaciers and glacier extension during the Older Dryas. The model was then applied to four periods (Younger Dryas, Little Ice Age, current period and future) in order to show the temporal evolution of permafrost distribution and glacier extension.     

ABLATION OF ICE‐CORED MORAINE IN A HUMID,MARITIME CLIMATE: FOX GLACIER,NEW ZEALAND

Depending on thickness, debris‐cover can enhance or reduce ablation, compared to bare‐ice conditions. In the geological record, hummocky moraines often represent the final product of the melt‐out of ice‐cored moraines, and the presence or absence of such moraine deposits can have paleoclimatic implications. To evaluate the effects of varying debris‐cover and climate on ice‐melt in a maritime mid‐latitude setting, an 11‐day ablation stake study was undertaken on ice‐cored moraine at Fox Glacier, on the western flank of the New Zealand Southern Alps. Ablation rates varied from 1.3 to 6.7 cm d^?1, with enhancement of melt‐rate under thin debris‐covers. Highest melt‐rates (effective thickness) occurred under debris‐cover of c. 2 cm, with ～3 cm being the debris thickness at which melt‐rates are equal to adjacent bare‐ice (critical thickness). Air temperature from nearby Franz Josef Glacier allowed for a simple degree‐day approach to ablation calculations, with regression relationships indicating air temperature is the key climatic control on melt. Digital elevation models produced from topographic surveys of the ice‐cored moraine over the following 19 months indicated that ablation rates progressively decreased over time, probably due to melt‐out of englacial debris increasing debris‐cover thickness. The morphology of the sandur appears to be strongly determined by episodic high‐magnitude fluvial flows (jökulhlaups), in conjunction with surface melt. Thus, ‘hummocky’ moraine appears to be a transient landform in this climatic setting.     

Analysis on factors of glacier velocity: A case study of the Qiyi Glacier, Qilian Mountains

Glacier shape factors (area, length, and thickness), climatic factors (annual temperature and precipitation), mass balance, and other influence factors, of the Qiyi glacier velocity and their intensity were analyzed with the application of the path analysis method during 1958–2007. Results indicate that glacier velocity was mainly influenced by glacier shape, followed by mass balance and climatic conditions. Among the influence factors, glacier area and thickness are most significant, and direct and indirect path coefficients are respectively 6.56, 4.71, 19.29 and 13.57. This research provides information for further understanding glacier velocity and its influencing factors.     

Lichenometric dating using Rhizocarpon subgenus Rhizocarpon in the Patagonian Andes, Argentina

This study represents the first attempt to develop and apply lichenometric dating curves of Rhizocarpon subgenus Rhizocarpon for dating glacier fluctuations in the Patagonian Andes. Six glaciers were studied along the Patagonian Andes. Surfaces of known ages (historical evidences and tree-ring analyses) were used as control sites to develop indirect lichenometric dating curves. Dating curves developed for the studied glaciers show the same general logarithmic form, indicating that growth rate of subgenus Rhizocarpon decreases over time. The strong west–east precipitation gradient across the Andean Cordillera introduces statistically significant differences in the growth curves, with faster growth rates in the moist west sites than the drier eastern sites. Latitudinal difference among the studied glaciers does not appear to be a major factor regulating lichen growth rates. Therefore, we developed two lichenometric curves for dating glacier fluctuations in wetter and drier sites in the Patagonian Andes during the past 450 yrs. Application of the developed curves to moraine dating allowed us to complement glacial chronologies previously obtained by tree-ring analyses. A first chronosequence for moraine formation in the Torrecillas Glacier (42°S) is presented. Our findings confirm the utility of lichenometry to date deglaciated surfaces in the Patagonian Andes.     

The application of artificial neural networks to simulate meltwater runoff of Keqikaer Glacier,south slope of Mt. Tuomuer,western China

Because glacial melting provides a significant amount of surface water resources, especially in cold arid regions, it is critical that effective methods be developed for predicting their behavior. Glacier runoff differs from other types of stream flows, being characterized by large diurnal fluctuations, with maximum discharge during the summer months. Moreover, the size and remoteness of glaciers makes them difficult to study directly. Hence, developing effective modeling techniques is our best hope for understanding and predicting glacial melting phenomena. In the past, physics-based models have been used with some success. In this study, conducted in 2003 and 2004 on the Keqikaer Glacier on the south slope of Mt. Tuomuer, however, we used the newer artificial neural networks (ANNs) modeling technique. As the input nerve cell, we used the hourly wind speed, precipitation, air temperature, radiation balance, and ground temperature; the output nerve cell was the diurnal runoff at the glacial terminus. We then analyzed the simulated results under different scenarios by varying the input-nerve-cell parameters. It was found that ANN can simulate the process of glacier meltwater runoff successfully when basic parameters such as air temperature, precipitation and radiation balance are few. The results indicate that ANN can simulate the process of glacial meltwater runoff quite well, and that meteorological variables could in fact be used successfully to simulate glacier meltwater runoff using the ANN method.     

Vampire rock avalanches of January 2008 and 2003, Southern Alps, New Zealand

Rock avalanches fell from Vampire (2,645 m) Peak in the Southern Alps of New Zealand during January 2008. There were no direct witnesses, casualties or damage to infrastructure. Field observations indicate about 150,000 m³ (±50,000) of indurated greywacke collapsed retrogressively from a 73° slope between 2,380 and 2,520 m. Debris fell 800 m down Vampire’s south face and out 1.7 km across Mueller Glacier, with a 27.5° angle of reach. The resulting 300,000 m² avalanche deposit contains three distinct lobes. The national seismograph network recorded two pulses of avalanche-type shaking, equivalent in amplitude to a M _L 2.4 tectonic earthquake, for 60 s on Monday 7 January at 2349 hours (NZDT); then 45 s of shaking at M _L 2.5 on Sunday 13 January at 0923 hours (NZDT). Deposit lobes are inferred to relate directly with shaking episodes. The avalanche fell across the debris from an older avalanche, which was also unwitnessed and fell from a different source on Vampire’s south face between February and November 2003. The 2003 avalanche involved 120,000 m³ (±40,000) of interlayered sandstone and mudstone which collapsed from a 65° slope between 2,440 and 2,560 m, then fell 890 m down across Mueller Glacier at a 24° angle of reach. Prolonged above-freezing temperatures were recorded during January 2008, but no direct trigger has been identified. The event appears to be a spontaneous, gravitationally induced, stress failure.     

乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川冰芯剖面物理特征及其形成机理研究

冰芯中的化学成分,记录了古环境和古气候的诸多信息,已有广泛研究.而冰芯剖面的物理特征,由冰芯形成时的水热条件和冰川运动变质作用所决定,同样记录了气候、环境和冰川运动的诸多信息.根据在乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川钻取的6根冰芯的详尽资料,结合冰流模式对冰芯冰龄的估算,分析研究了不同冰川带冰芯剖面的物理特征、形成机理和相应的水热条件.结果表明:积累区冰芯以粒雪一冰交替的原生沉积层为主,受冰川流动引起的动力变质作用影响较小,与该区成冰环境和冰川温度密切相关;平衡线附近的冰芯4.3 m以上主要是由渗浸冻结冰组成的原生沉积层,与附近的成冰环境相吻合,以下部分主要是经过动力变质作用的冰体,源于冰川上部的积累物;消融区冰芯主要由冰川上部下流的冰川冰组成,模拟显示该区冰芯冰龄较长,受局部成冰环境的影响很小.通过对不同区域冰芯特征比较,发现各成冰带的冰芯组成及污化层差别较大;在东、西支冰川同时期冰芯剖面的对比中,发现海拔相近点冰芯剖面组构相近,说明通过冰芯资料来探讨冰川内部特征以及该区域气候环境演变历史等较具代表性.