祁连山七一冰川表面运动特征最新观测研究

为了保持对祁连山七一冰川运动变化情况观测的连续性,进一步揭示全球气候变暖背景下山岳冰川的运动变化规律,对布设在七一冰川表面的花杆进行了定期观测,获取了2012年7-8月以及2013年8-9月冰川考察期间的最新观测数据（花杆位置、冰川末端边界以及物质平衡等数据资料）,通过对数据进行分析,获得了七一冰川表面的运动状况以及末端进退变化情况. 结果表明：空间分布特征方面,七一冰川在横剖面以及纵剖面的运动保持了一般山岳冰川的运动规律;横剖面上,主流线附近冰川运动速度较两侧运动速度要大;纵剖面上,由冰川末端到零物质平衡线,冰川运动速度逐渐增大;运动方向上,七一冰川运动速度矢量大多沿主流线向下运动,或者稍微偏离主流线一定方向. 在冰川运动速度时间分布特征方面,七一冰川在消融季与非消融季的运动速度差异显著,消融季运动速度要明显大于非消融季运动速度. 最近几十年,七一冰川整体运动速度呈现出了逐年减小的趋势. 在2012年8月至2013年8月期间,冰川末端退缩了大约5～7 m,退缩较为显著.     

Variations of the alpine precipitation from an ice core record of the Laohugou glacier basin during 1960-2006 in western Qilian Mountains,China

The net accumulation record of ice core is one of the most reliable indicators for reconstructing precipitation changes in high mountains. A 20.12 m ice core was drilled in 2006 from the accumulation zone of Laohugou Glacier No.12 in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, China. We obtained the precipitation from the ice core net accumulation during 1960-2006, and found out the relationship between Laohugou ice core record and other data from surrounding sites of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau. Results showed that during 1960-2006, the precipitation in the high mountains showed firstly an increasing trend, while during 1980 to 2006 it showed an obvious decreasing trend. Reconstructed precipitation change in the Laohugou glacier basin was consistent with the measured data from the nearby weather stations in the lower mountain of Subei, and the correlation coefficient was 0.619 (P<0.001). However, the precipitation in the high mountain was about 3 times more than that of the lower mountain. The precipitation in Laohugou Glacier No.12 of the western Qilian Mountains corresponded well to the net accumulation of Dunde ice core during the same period, tree-ring reconstructed precipitation, the measured data of multiple meteorological stations in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, and also the changes of adjacent PDSI drought index. Precipitation changes of the Laohugou glacier basin and other sites of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau had significantly positive correlation with ENSO, which implied that the regional alpine precipitation change was very likely to be influenced by ENSO.     

乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川积累区透底冰芯地层及冰结构分析

对乌鲁木齐河源１号冰川积累区一支深达９１．６４ｍ的透底冰芯进行了详细的层位及冰结构分析，结果表明，在２０ｍ深度以内，很好地保存了原始沉积的特征，但在７０￣８０ｍ深处还发现小密度的乳白色冰占优势的冰层，可能形成于小冰期，中层具有动力变质及再结晶作用共存及反复消长的结构特征（冰晶尺寸、气泡），未见单极大型组构，但出现弱竖环形组构，底层出现弱宝石状的多极大组构。     

祁连山老虎沟12号冰川退缩对细菌优势种群影响的初步研究

随着全球冰川正在越来越多的地区融化, 冰川微生物资源很可能会由于冰川退缩而未被人类所发现就已受到生存的威胁而濒危.以祁连山老虎沟12号冰川消融区和末端雪样及末端土样为研究对象, 采用培养方法、分子鉴定, 研究冰川雪样优势菌群在冰川末端土样的分布状况及生理生化指标变化情况, 分析冰川细菌优势菌群在冰川退缩后适应非雪环境的能力.结果表明: 冰川末端雪样优势菌为1BW1和1BW2所代表的Pedobacter, 该属在冰川消融区雪样和冰川末端土样中未分离到; 冰川消融区雪样优势菌为2BW所代表的Acinetobacter, 该属在冰川末端雪样中的数量较少, 在冰川末端土样中的数量更少.不同采样位点16S rRNA序列相似性高的菌株其生理生化特征比相同采样位点的大.因此, 冰川冰退缩可能会引发冰川雪样中的优势种群不能适应新环境而灭绝. 应加强冰川细菌资源利用和保护的研究基础.     

Inferring Glacier Mass Balance Using Radarsat: Results From Peyto Glacier, Canada

The capability of RADARSAT synthetic aperture radar (SAR) for the purpose of snow-line/accumulation area mapping for a temperate alpine glacier is examined. In agreement with other orbital C-band SAR studies, RADARSAT can discriminate between firn and bare ice facies. Limited observations are reported with respect to the electromagnetic variability of the ice facies in the ablation area, but they are inconclusive. Operational considerations are discussed with respect to reconciling the uncertainties of late-summer weather and their possible impact on the dielectric and scattering properties of the glacier surface. Vagaries associated with other glacier settings, mass balance states and their associated facies configurations are discussed including the difficulty of using the transient snow-line to define the equilibrium line and the lower extent of the accumulation area for glaciers where superimposed ice may form.
The radar remote-sensing reconnaissance of equilibrium line altitude (ELA) and accumulation area ratio (AAR) for estimating glacier mass balance requires serious consideration in those instances where traditional ground measurements used in the direct glaciological method are absent. However, with respect to the ELA, such estimates can vary depending on the accuracy of the reference digital elevation information. Moreover, for many glacier configurations, where mass balance variations due to altitude are influenced or in some cases completely masked by local balance variations, defining the ELA may be an irreconcilable problem. Using the AAR may be more robust in this regard. It is further determined that the total error inherent in the reconnaissance method would have serious implications for the confident estimation of mass balance normals and climate-related trends if the method were to be utilized over the longer term.     

天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川雪坑中pH值和电导率的季节变化及淋溶过程

自2002年9月14日至2004年9月28日,在天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川积累区雪坑中连续观测取样,频率为1次/周。对表层雪样品和粒雪坑样品的pH值和电导率进行了分析。结果表明,表层雪的pH值和电导率具有明显的季节变化趋势,与本区域的主导山谷风风向NE和ENE密切相关。在春季,由于尘暴发生频率的增加,表层雪的pH值呈现较强碱性,电导率达到最大值;在冬季,由于原生气溶胶向次生气溶胶的转化,pH值呈现较弱碱性,电导率达到最小值。在后沉积过程中（2003年10月4日至2004年9月8日）,雪坑中不同时期的pH值和电导率呈现不同的季节变化特征和淋溶过程。电导率的峰值P1进入粒雪冰的时间比与它相对应的大粒径（直径>10 μm）微粒的浓度峰值提前40天左右;在有的雪坑中,pH值和电导率的峰值出现在污化层附近,与污化层的位置有较好的一致性,说明污化层对可溶性离子的淋溶作用可能有一定的影响。相关分析表明,Ca2+是影响表层雪中pH值和电导率变化的最主要离子。     

祁连山老虎沟冰川积累区风速、风向变化特征研究

基于2008年11月-2009年10月祁连山老虎沟12号冰川积累区的风速、风向观测资料, 分析了年内季节和日变化特征. 结果表明: 全年日平均风速波动较大, 介于1～8.8 m·s^-1. 日均值以冬季最大, 春, 秋季次之, 夏季最小, 分别为5.1 m·s^-1, 3.4 m·s^-1, 3.7 m·s^-1, 2.6 m·s^-1, 表现出典型的"高山型"风速特征. 秋, 冬季节, 无论昼夜, 以偏南风为主, 风速始终保持在较为稳定的高值状态, 属于典型的冰川风; 春, 夏季节, 冰川风场依旧强劲, 而且伴有山谷风出现. 受山系-河谷地形及雪冰下垫面的共同作用, 春, 夏, 秋三季表现出一定的偏东风, 柴达木低压可能对此也有贡献.     

Analysis of Winter and Summer Glacier Mass Balances

Seasonal mass balance components b_w (winter balance) and b_s (summer balance) as well as c_t (total accumulation) and a_t (total ablation), can be used directly to infer climate variables. In contrast, a_c (net balance of the accumulation area) and a_a (net balance of the ablation area), and b_a or b_n (annual or net balance) can not. The traditional Alpine system of observations of a_c and a_a , however, can be converted to true seasonal values b_w and b_s if both pairs of components are simultaneously observed for some years, because a correlation between the two pairs of components exists. We analyzed b_w and b_s data and their mean, standard deviations and ratios of these to the corresponding net or annual balances for 50 glaciers with relatively long records representing different regions in the northern hemisphere. We also investigated correlations between seasonal components. A negative correlation between b_w and b_s exists at many glaciers. About two-thirds of the glaciers show insignificant correlations (?0.3 < r < 0.3), implying independence of summer and winter balances. In a few unusual cases the correlations are positive. These different correlations, or lack thereof, may offer insight into feedback conditions that must exist in this climate-related system. The correspondence of the b_w and c_t , and b_s and a_t , appears to depend largely on the relative amounts of summer snowfall, a function of their climatic environment expressed as [α = (b_w+b_s)/2]. The contribution of variability of b_s to the net balance increases markedly with decreasing values of α. The variability of b_w and b_s , and therefore the net balance, has been increasing with time; whether this is due to an increase in climate variability or to other causes is not clear. It appears that b_w has been increasing with time at the highest altitudes, but b_s has been increasing more rapidly especially at low altitudes; the many-glacier average net balance is becoming more negative.     

天山南坡科其卡尔巴契冰川度日因子变化特征研究

度日模型是估算冰川消融的一种简单而有效的方法.根据科其卡尔巴契冰川2003年的观测资料,分析了该冰川度日因子的空间变化规律及其影响因素.研究表明:各高度上的度日因子,介于2.0～9.7mm·℃^-1·d^-1之间变化,平均值为5.7mm·℃^-1·d^-1,与青藏高原各冰川及其它地区冰川相比较小;随着海拔的增高,度日因子随之递增;随平均气温的升高而随之递减.由于冰面状况复杂,度日因子变化幅度较大,裸冰区的度日因子明显大于表碛覆盖区.人为测量误差、反照率、地形等对度日因子的影响也不容忽视.     

基于F-MCDM的冰川旅游游客满意度综合评价及敏感性分析

游客满意度是衡量旅游地竞争力的关键因素之一,已受到众多旅游研究者的关注。在其热点研究中,有关冰川旅游游客满意度及不同游客属性间满意度差异的研究鲜见。选取达古冰川与海螺沟冰川为研究区,通过对游客属性细分,运用模糊多准则决策法（F-MCDM）及引入需求弹性理论对冰川旅游游客满意度进行了综合评价和敏感性分析,探讨了提升冰川旅游游客满意度的对策建议。结果表明：达古冰川游客实际满意度总体高于海螺沟冰川,两地均以管理与服务的满意度最高,消费状况与交通的满意度最低。就游客属性的相对满意度而言,两地均呈现男性满意度高于女性,高消费游客满意度高于低消费游客,高忠诚度游客满意度高于低忠诚度游客;两地相对满意度的差异表现在年龄、受教育程度、客源地和到访次数方面。相较于达古冰川,海螺沟冰川满意度敏感性更高,同等改进力度下游客满意度的提高更为明显高效,就两地满意度敏感性最高的景观特色而言,达古冰川1%的改善将提升游客满意度0.30%,而海螺沟冰川可提升0.45%;对于不同游客属性的满意度敏感性,两地均以不愿推荐、不愿重游和未达到期望的游客最高。最后依据满意度敏感性分析结果,为两地冰川旅游发展提出了关键属性改进、营销策略创新和旅游产品开发等针对性建议。