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51.
Fossil hyrax dung and evidence of Late Pleistocene and Holocene vegetation types in the Namib Desert
Pollen was derived from fossil dung of herbivorous hyraxes, deposited in a rock shelter on the highest mountain in Namibia, Dâures or Brandberg, situated on the Namib Desert margin. Radiocarbon dating ranging in age between modern times and 30 000 yr BP showed it represents the first empirical pollen evidence of continental palaeovegetation during the Late Pleistocene along the western escarpment of southern Africa. The initial results indicate Last Glacial Maximum vegetation differed totally from the current pattern as vegetation types were dominated by small Asteraceae shrubs, in contrast to those of the Holocene and modern times which show more succulents, grass and woody elements (arboreal pollen). The results suggest that Cape floral communities did not reach into the tropics along the western escarpment of Africa, despite such pollen types occurring in marine cores. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
52.
秦岭太白山古冰川发育与黄土高原气候变迁 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3
本文通过古冰川遗迹的系统分析,揭示了太白山雪线变化和冰川发育过程,将其与黄土高原晚第四纪气候变化模式对比,阐明了太白山雪线变化和冰川发育的时代和时间序列问题。 相似文献
53.
依据地貌、孢粉、岩性沉积特征,划分巴颜喀拉山地区第四纪冰期。并与珠穆朗玛峰、唐古拉山、昆仑山地区进行对比。确定巴颜喀拉山地区第四纪以来有:哈拉滩冰期;巴颜喀拉山冰期;洛曲冰期;汪藏因姆措冰期;折尕考钦新冰期。 相似文献
54.
Release of CO2 from surface ocean water owing to precipitation of CaCO3 and the imbalance between biological production of organic matter and its respiration, and their net removal from surface
water to sedimentary storage was studied by means of a quotient θ = (CO2 flux to the atmosphere)/(CaCO3 precipitated). θ depends not only on water temperature and atmospheric CO2 concentration but also on the CaCO3 and organic carbon masses formed. In CO2 generation by CaCO3 precipitation, θ varies from a fraction of 0.44 to 0.79, increasing with decreasing temperature (25 to 5°C), increasing atmospheric
CO2 concentration (195–375 ppmv), and increasing CaCO3 precipitated mass (up to 45% of the initial DIC concentration in surface water). Primary production and net storage of organic
carbon counteracts the CO2 production by carbonate precipitation and it results in lower CO2 emissions from the surface layer. When atmospheric CO2 increases due to the ocean-to-atmosphere flux rather than remaining constant, the amount of CO2 transferred is a non-linear function of the surface layer thickness because of the back-pressure of the rising atmospheric
CO2. For a surface ocean layer approximated by a 50-m-thick euphotic zone that receives input of inorganic and organic carbon
from land, the calculated CO2 flux to the atmosphere is a function of the CaCO3 and Corg net storage rates. In general, the carbonate storage rate has been greater than that of organic carbon. The CO2 flux near the Last Glacial Maximum is 17 to 7×1012 mol/yr (0.2–0.08 Gt C/yr), reflecting the range of organic carbon storage rates in sediments, and for pre-industrial time
it is 38–42×1012 mol/yr (0.46–0.50 Gt C/yr). Within the imbalanced global carbon cycle, our estimates indicate that prior to anthropogenic
emissions of CO2 to the atmosphere the land organic reservoir was gaining carbon and the surface ocean was losing carbon, calcium, and total
alkalinity owing to the CaCO3 storage and consequent emission of CO2. These results are in agreement with the conclusions of a number of other investigators. As the CO2 uptake in mineral weathering is a major flux in the global carbon cycle, the CO2 weathering pathway that originates in the CO2 produced by remineralization of soil humus rather than by direct uptake from the atmosphere may reduce the relatively large
imbalances of the atmosphere and land organic reservoir at 102–104-year time scales. 相似文献
55.
Climate during the last glacial maximum in the Wasatch and southern Uinta Mountains inferred from glacier modeling 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Recent improvements in understanding glacial extents and chronologies in the Wasatch and Uinta Mountains and other mountain ranges in the western U.S. call for a more detailed approach to using glacier reconstructions to infer paleoclimates than commonly applied AAR-ELA-ÄT methods. A coupled 2-D mass balance and ice-flow numerical modeling approach developed by [Plummer, M.A., Phillips, F.M., 2003. A 2-D numerical model of snow/ice energy balance and ice flow for paleoclimatic interpretation of glacial geomorphic features. Quaternary Science Reviews 22, 1389–1406] allows exploration of the combined effects of temperature, precipitation, shortwave radiation and many secondary parameters on past ice extents in alpine settings. We apply this approach to the Little Cottonwood Canyon in the Wasatch Mountains and the Lake Fork and Yellowstone Canyons in the south-central Uinta Mountains. Results of modeling experiments indicate that the Little Cottonwood glacier required more precipitation during the local Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) than glaciers in the Uinta Mountains, assuming lapse rates were similar to modern. Model results suggest that if temperatures in the Wasatch Mountains and Uinta Mountains were 6 °C to 7 °C colder than modern, corresponding precipitation changes were 3 to 2× modern in Little Cottonwood Canyon and 2 to 1× modern in Lake Fork and Yellowstone Canyons. Greater amounts of precipitation in the Little Cottonwood Canyon likely reflect moisture derived from the surface of Lake Bonneville, and the lake may have also affected the mass balance of glaciers in the Uinta Mountains. 相似文献
56.
57.
Jacqueline Flückiger Reto Knutti James W. C. White Hans Renssen 《Climate Dynamics》2008,31(6):633-645
Greenland ice cores, as well as many other paleo-archives from the northern hemisphere, recorded a series of 25 warm interstadial
events, the so-called Dansgaard-Oeschger (D-O) events, during the last glacial period. We use the three-dimensional coupled
global ocean–atmosphere–sea ice model ECBILT-CLIO and force it with freshwater input into the North Atlantic to simulate abrupt
glacial climate events, which we use as analogues for D-O events. We focus our analysis on the Northern Hemisphere. The simulated
events show large differences in the regional and seasonal distribution of the temperature and precipitation changes. While
the temperature changes in high northern latitudes and in the North Atlantic region are dominated by winter changes, the largest
temperature increases in most other land regions are seen in spring. Smallest changes over land are found during the summer
months. Our model simulations also demonstrate that the temperature and precipitation change patterns for different intensifications
of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation are not linear. The extent of the transitions varies, and local non-linearities
influence the amplitude of the annual mean response as well as the response in different seasons. Implications for the interpretation
of paleo-records are discussed. 相似文献
58.
Granulometric analysis of nineteen sediment samples has been carried out for their statistical and textural parameters. The
samples are collected from the northern and southern margins of Schirmacher Oasis extending below the polar ice sheet and
grading to coastal area respectively and main rocky land of Schirmacher including lakes. The analysis shows that most of the
sediments are of medium grain size and fall in poor to very poor sorted category.
An attempt has been made to interpret the depositional set-up by plotting the scatter patterns between various textural parameters,
including C-M plot and arithmetic log-probability curves. The influence of physical parameters viz. low to high velocity winds,
ice and meltwater on sediment characteristics has been discussed. 相似文献
59.
Holger Steffen Olga Gitlein Heiner Denker Jürgen Müller Ludger Timmen 《Tectonophysics》2009,474(1-2):69
Fennoscandia is a key region for studying effects of glacial isostatic adjustment. The associated mass variations can be detected by the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite mission, which observes the Earth's gravity field since April 2002, as well as by absolute gravimetry field campaigns. Since 2003, annual absolute gravity (AG) measurements have been performed in Fennoscandia by the Institut für Erdmessung (IfE, Institute of Geodesy) of the Leibniz Universität Hannover, Germany, within a multi-national cooperation. This offers a unique opportunity for validation and evaluation of the GRACE results. In this preliminary study, the GRACE results are compared to secular gravity changes based on the surveys from 2004 to 2007 with the FG5-220 gravimeter of the IfE.The results from GRACE monthly solutions provided by different analysis centres show temporal gravity variations in Fennoscandia. The included secular variations are in good agreement with former studies. The uplift centre is located west of the Bothnian Bay, the whole uplift area comprises Northern Europe. Nevertheless, the differences between the GRACE solutions are larger than expected and the different centre-specific processing techniques have a very strong effect on possible interpretations of GRACE results. The comparison of GRACE to the AG measurements reveals that the determined trends fit well with results from GRACE at selected stations, especially for the solution provided by the GFZ. Variations of land hydrology clearly influence results from GRACE and the AG measurements. 相似文献
60.
Della K. Murton Steven M. Pawley Julian B. Murton 《Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. Geologists' Association》2009,120(4):209-222
The sedimentary sequence through the Hemingbrough Formation exposed at two sites in the central part of the Vale of York, south of the Escrick moraine ridge, is described and used to reconstruct the palaeoenvironmental history of Glacial Lake Humber. Interbedded wave ripples and laminated silts and clays at both sites indicate that Lake Humber was characterised by fluctuating water levels, often no deeper than wave base. Optically stimulated luminescence ages of 21.0 ± 1.9, 21.9 ± 2.0, and 24.1 ± 2.2 kyr returned from two wave-rippled sandy beds within the glaciolacustrine sequence at Hemingbrough, c. 10 km south of the Escrick moraine ridge, provide the first direct chronological determination for the low-level phase of Lake Humber. As these beds are principally attributed to glacial meltwater emanating from the Vale of York ice lobe of the British Ice Sheet, when its margin was at or near the Escrick moraine ridge, this corroborates the interpretation that this ridge marks the LGM ice limit. 相似文献