山西大同新生代火山岩熔融相平衡的实验研究

通过低压熔融相平衡实验，研究山西大同火山群玄武岩在结晶分离作用过程中液相成分的演化规律，探讨了矿物和溶浆之间元素的分配。在１００ｋＰａ，ｆｏ２＝ＮＮＯ，Ｔ＝１１００°～１３００℃条件下，矿物结晶顺序为Ｏ１→Ｐ１→Ｃｐｘ。橄榄石为液相线矿物。橄榄石－熔体Ｆｅ２－－Ｍｇ２－交换反应的分配系数是一个与温度无关的常数、残余液相线成分取决于晶出矿物相的化学成分及含量。Ｏ１＋ＣｐＸ＋Ｐ１饱和液相成分的Ｏ１－Ｄｉ－Ｓｉｌ和Ｏ１－Ｄｉ－Ｎｅ三元系相图清楚地反映了熔岩低压结晶作用的趋势，低压下熔浆的主要元素变化很大程度上依赖于母岩浆ＳｉＯ２饱和程度。     

Application of Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography (HIC) in Water Analysis Anwendung der Hydrophobizitätschromatographie (HIC) in der Wasseranalytik

Dissolved high molecular weight organic substances, like humic substances, can be characterized with regard to their molecular weight distribution using gel filtration chromatography (GFC). In addition, the adsorption properties, for example on activated carbon, can be described, if the substances are separated by hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) in different fractions using a chromatographic column with a hydrophobic matrix. The retention time (Rt) of single chemical substances in this column can be used to characterize the hydrophobicity or hydrophility of each compound as well as of the high molecular weight organic matter. The hydrophobic interaction between the matrix of the column and the dissolved chemical compounds also depends on the hydrophobicity of the gel and the composition of the eluent. Relations between retention times, log P-coefficients (octanol/water partition) and K-values of isotherms on activated carbon (Freundlich equation) were found.     

Treatment of Groundwater Containing Methane – Combination of the Processing Stages Desorption and Filtration

Methane is produced under anaerobic conditions by metabolic processes in microbes and can occur in waters of the types anoxic‐anaerobic (RG 1/2) and anaerobic‐reduced (RG 2). If the concentration of methane lies below 0.2 mg/L, then no special treatment processes are required apart from dosing of oxygen and rapid sand filtration, which are performed to remove iron, manganese, and ammonium. The research results show that a higher concentration of methane must be specially treated. From the point of view of stable deferrisation, oxidation of up to 2 mg/L is tolerable in rapid sand filtration. However, an unusual increase in regrowth potential was observed. For this reason, the oxidation of methane should be reduced to 0.5 mg/L until further experiments yield results on the microbiological stability of treated water. Rapid sand filters for nitrification and demanganisation should have a maximum methane loading of 0.2 mg/L. The experiments show that nitrification first occurs at a methane concentration below 0.1 mg/L. During the working in of demanganisation, the inlet water should be free of methane. Therefore desorption is often required. If there is less than 1 mg/L to be degassed, then desorption can be achieved with overpressure in the oxidiser without any change in the carbonate‐bicarbonate equilibrium. With other systems, such as packed columns, wetted‐wall columns, or percolators, carbon dioxide is removed simultaneously. By means of the coefficients of similarity found, it was shown that methane and carbon dioxide desorb in different proportions depending on the system, and that the discharge of carbon dioxide can be reduced through a decrease in the air/water ratio.     

Spatial evolution model of tourist destinations based on complex adaptive system theory: A case study of Southern Anhui,China

According to the complex adaptive systems theory, tourist destinations may be regarded as complex adaptive systems formed by multiple adaptive agent interactions and composed of an agent system, tourist attraction subsystem, tourist service facility subsystem, and external environment system. This paper explores the spatial evolutionary progress of the Southern Anhui tourist area. The period 1979 to 1990 comprised the formation stage of spatial agglomerates, during which tourist attractions centering on Huangshan Scenic Area and Jiuhuashan Scenic Area were gradually exploited and formed scale agglomeration; tourism spatial structure began to show the characteristics of agglomeration development, and Gini indexes of the number of tourists and tourism revenue increased significantly from 0.26 to 0.29, and from 0.33 to 0.35, respectively. From 1991 to 2008, the system experienced a growth stage in which Huangshan Scenic Area and Jiuhuashan Scenic Area were further developed with improved tourist service facilities. Rapid development of Xidi-Hongcun Scenic Area and establishment of Fantawild Tourist Area promoted the formation of more spatial agglomerates with larger scales; Gini indexes of the number of tourists and tourism revenue presented fluctuating changes, reaching low points of 0.15 and 0.25 in 2000 and 0.12 and 0.22 in 2007, respectively. From 2009 to the present day, the system has remained in a blowout-development stage, during which non-linear interactions among agents are strengthened; various emerging development factors generate cultural tourism, vacation tourism, rural tourism and other new tourism products jointly with traditional development factors. New tourism products form a large number of new spatial agglomerates that are interconnected, accelerating the spatial flow of tourists and tourism revenue and reducing the differences in tourism development levels within the region; Gini indexes of the number of tourists and tourism revenue declined steadily from 0.17 and 0.23 in 2009 to 0.12 and 0.15 in 2016.

     

公平和效率视角的中国碳排放区域差异及其固化研究

分别从公平和效率的角度考察中国省际碳排放的区域差异,可以比较区域碳减排配额分摊中公平原则和效率原则重要性大小。论文选取1997—2015年中国29个省级地区数据,首先通过包含非期望产出的Super-0SBM模型测算出各地区的碳排放效率,并用人均碳排放量来衡量各地区的碳排放公平情况。随后基于Dagum基尼分解方法以及Markov链方法,分别从整体差异程度和内部差异固化两个方面比较了中国碳排放公平和效率的区域差异情况。研究发现：（1） 中国碳排放公平和碳排放效率呈现出不一致的空间非均衡格局。（2） 不管是整体、还是三大地区之间,中国碳排放效率的差异程度都大于碳排放公平,二者差异没有缩小的趋势。（3） 各地区间碳排放效率的差异固化程度也要高于碳排放公平,中国碳排放的区域“长期低效率”固化问题比区域“长期不公平”固化问题更严重。因此,在计算中国区域碳减排潜力以及进行碳减排配额分摊时,效率原则比公平原则更加重要。中央政府也应更加重视区域碳排放效率的差异问题,更多的从碳排放效率上入手,挖掘其存在的更大碳减排潜力。     

Two-dimensional stochastic analysis of flow in leaky confined aquifers subject to spatial and periodic leakage

This paper addresses the issue of flow in heterogeneous leaky confined aquifers subject to leakage. The leakage into the confined aquifer is driven by spatial and periodic fluctuations of water table in an overlying phreatic aquifer. The introduction of leakage leads to non-uniformity in the mean head gradient and results in nonstationarity in hydraulic head and velocity fields. Therefore, a nonstationary spectral approach based on Fourier–Stieltjes representations for the perturbed quantities is adopted to account for the spatial variability of nonstationary head fields. Closed-form expressions for the variances of hydraulic head and specific discharge are developed in terms of statistical properties of hydraulic parameters. The results indicate that the spatiotemporal variations in leakage leads to enhanced variability of the hydraulic head and of the specific discharge, which increase with distance from any arbitrary reference point. The coefficient of leakage and the spatial structure of log transmissivity field and of the amplitude of water table fluctuation are critical in quantifying the variability of the hydraulic head and of the specific discharge.     

西江流域经济发展不平衡测度与分析

流域经济是以水系为轴线的区域经济,其发展状况对国民经济有重要影响,其研究为区域开发提供新视角.通过对珠江主干西江流域的实证分析,测度并比较其上、中、下游之间经济发展水平的差异情况,发现流域经济常常呈逆地理梯度状分布,即逆水系上行,受区位自然变异带来的直接限制作用和由此衍生而来的其他因素的间接影响,经济发展水平逐渐降低,地理空间与经济空间不相称由此成为常态.在此基础上进一步分析了其中的原因并运用区域规划的思想提出了相应的改善对策.     

联合卫星测高和模式资料研究海水热含量变化

本文在考虑洋底压力变化的情况下,利用2003~2008年融合多颗卫星的测高资料估计了全球和中国近海的海水热含量变化.顾及洋底压力(OBP)变化以及热膨胀系数随海水深度变化的影响,提出的改进方法提高了对中高纬度地区热含量变化的估算精度.在OBP变化较为明显的北太平洋区域I(30°N~50°N,170°E~190°E)、南印度洋区域II(40°S~60°S,100°E~120°E)和南太平洋区域III(40°S~60°S,100°W~120°W),改进方法的均方差较传统方法分别降低了16.3%、60.5%和48.4%.同时研究表明,卫星测高的精度以及盐度变化是影响中高纬度地区热含量估计精度的重要因素.在中国近海地区,东海和黄海的热含量主要表现为周年变化;南海区域的热含量除周年变化外,还存在半周年项和年际变化项,且南海的海水热含量近年有增加的趋势.     

On the influence of the grain size distribution curve on P-wave velocity,constrained elastic modulus Mmax and Poisson's ratio of quartz sands

The paper presents an experimental study on the influence of the grain size distribution curve on dynamic soil properties. More than 160 resonant column tests with additional P-wave measurements have been performed on 27 different grain size distribution curves of a quartz sand. While the small-strain shear modulus G_max has been discussed by Wichtmann and Triantafyllidis [1] the present paper focusses on P-wave velocity v_P, on the small-strain constrained elastic modulus M_max and on Poisson's ratio ν$\nu$. It is demonstrated that while v_P and M_max do not significantly depend on mean grain size d₅₀ in the investigated range, they decrease with increasing coefficient of uniformity C_u=d₆₀/d₁₀ of the grain size distribution curve. Poisson's ratio does also not depend on d₅₀ but increases with increasing C_u. An empirical formula similar to Hardin's equation has been developed for M_max, considering the influence of the grain size distribution curve. It predicts quite well the experimental data.     

浅海原油净化过程的模拟实验──悬浮物对油的吸附作用

１９８９年３－７月在实验室内采用模拟实验的方法进行黄河口悬浮泥沙对胜利油田的河口油和东营油吸附作用的研究。结果表明,在一定温度下悬浮物对油的吸附符合Ｆｒｅｕｎｄｉｃｈ关系式：Ｑｐ＝Ｋｄ．Ｃ＾ｌ／ｎｗ。