计算机辅助岩土工程(CAGE)概论

本文简要论述了计算机辅助岩土工程(CAGE)的提出、发展、方法及主要内容, 最后给出了计算机辅助核电工程勘察实例。     

碎石土古滑坡弹塑性接触有限元稳定性分析

为了准确评价碎石土古滑坡的稳定性,通过资料搜集整理和分析、现场工程地质调查与勘探和室内外的物理力学试验,采用三维大变形弹塑性接触有限元算法,结合复活碎石土古滑坡工程实例,提出利用三维计算结果计算二维剖面稳定性系数的方法,分析了滑坡的稳定性。结果表明,采用三维大变形弹塑性接触有限元算法分析滑坡稳定性可以考虑滑坡体的空间效应,使计算结果更加符合实际。新方法可以更准确分析碎石土滑坡的稳定性和获得该类型滑坡所处的实际状态,为滑坡治理提供准确的科学信患。     

Experimental Study of Pore Pressure and Deformation of Suction Bucket Foundations Under Horizontal Dynamic Loading

Centrifuge experiments are carried out to investigate the responses of suction bucket foundations under horizontal dynamic loading. The effects of loading amplitude, the size of the bucket and the structural weight on the dynamic responses are investigated. It is shown that, when the loading amplitude is over a critical value, the sand at the upper part around the bucket softens or even liquefies. The liquefaction index （excess pore pressure divided by initial effective stress. In this paper, the developmental degree of excess pore pressure is described by liquefaction index） decreases from the upper part to the lower part of the sand foundation in the vertical direction and decreases from near to far away from the bucket＇s side wall in the horizontal direction, large settlements of the bucket and the sand around the bucket are induced by the horizontal dynamic loading. The dynamic responses of the bucket of a smaller height （when the diameter is the same） are heavier. A cyclic crack some distance near the bucket occurs in the sand.     

Numerical investigation of pile installation effects in sand using material point method

The installation of displacement piles in sand leads to severe changes in the stress state, density and soil properties around the pile tip and shaft, and therefore has a significant influence on the pile bearing capacity. Most current numerical methods predicting pile capacity do not take installation effects into account, as large deformations can lead to mesh distortion and non-converging solutions. In this study, the material point method (MPM) is applied to simulate the pile installation process and subsequent static pile loading tests. MPM is an extension of the finite element method (FEM), which is capable of modelling large deformations and soil-structure interactions. This study utilizes the moving mesh algorithm where a redefined computational mesh is applied in the convective phase. This allows a fine mesh to be maintained around the pile tip during the installation process and improves the accuracy of the numerical scheme, especially for contact formulation. For the analyses a hypoplastic constitutive model for sand is used, which takes into account density and stress dependent behaviour. The model performs well in situations with significant stress level changes because it accounts for very high stresses at the pile tip. Numerical results agree with centrifuge experiments at a gravitational level of 40 g. This analysis confirms the importance of pile installation effects in numerical simulations, as well as the proposed numerical approach’s ability to simulate installation and static load tests of jacked displacement piles.     

Probabilistic methodology for the analysis of paleoliquefaction features

Paleoliquefaction features can be used to estimate lower bounds on the magnitude and ground motion associated with the earthquake that caused the liquefaction feature. The engineering back-analysis of paleoliquefaction features is usually conducted using state of the practice liquefaction-triggering analysis methodologies. Recent studies have shown that these methodologies are associated with variable probabilities of liquefaction depending on the soil parameters. This would imply that estimates of magnitude and ground motion intensity obtained from these methodologies would not be consistent for all soil sites. Moreover, these estimates could be unconservative. In this paper, the use of a probabilistic methodology for the back-analysis of paleoliquefaction features is proposed. The proposed methodology permits the incorporation of model and parameter uncertainty into the analysis and results in more robust estimates of past magnitude and a measure of the uncertainty associated with these predictions. Previously published paleoliquefaction data are used to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed method. Magnitude estimates obtained with the proposed method do not differ significantly from those obtained using deterministic methodologies, but the proposed methodology permits a quantification of the uncertainty associated with magnitude estimates.     

A geographical information system managing geotechnical data for Athens (Greece) and its use for automated seismic microzonation

This article presents a geographical information system (GIS) which manages geotechnical data obtained from detailed geotechnical surveys as well as from in situ observations in Athens, Greece. Thoroughly examined data from more than 2,000 exploratory boreholes and trial pits located in the wider area of Athens have been incorporated using a relational database system. From the analysis of these results, thematic maps are compiled to illustrate the distribution of engineering geological information (e.g. the depth of the “Athens schist” head). In addition, a methodology for an automated GIS-aided seismic microzonation study is outlined and is being employed taking into account the aforementioned geotechnical and engineering geological information, as well as existing seismological data to estimate the variability of seismic ground motion for the southern part of Athens.     

Characteristics of deformation of saturated soft clay under the load of Shanghai subway line No. 2

Shanghai subway Line No. 2 passes through the center of Shanghai from Songhong Road station in the west to Zhangjianggaoke station in the east. The total length of Shanghai subway Line No. 2 is 25 km. The tunnel mostly lies in the saturated soft clay and the environment issue can not be ignored. The response frequency and response stress of soil around the tunnel are monitored when the subway train passes through. The cyclic triaxial test of the saturated soft clay around the subway tunnel is conducted using the data monitored. The characteristics of deformation of the saturated soft clay of Shanghai under the subway load are analyzed. The results show that when the subway train Line No. 2 begins to run, a small and vertical rebound first occurs in the saturated soft clay at the side wall of the tunnel. Although a large deformation does not occur in the saturated soft clay at the side wall of the tunnel when the subway train has run for a period of time, yet with the lapse of time, a perceptive and non-uniform deformation will still occur. The vertical rebound is transitory and a plastic deformation occurs immediately in the saturated soft clay at the bottom of the tunnel, the large deformation at the bottom of the tunnel is 30 times that of the saturated soft clay at the side wall of the tunnel. An erratum to this article can be found at     

The 2001 Adana landslide and its destructive effects,Turkey

The current study deals with a catastrophic landslide that occurred due to heavy rainfall in Adana, Southern Turkey in 2001. The research area, which is one of the largest populated districts in Adana, and one of the most tropical places between the Middle East and southern Europe, has about 25,000 people. On the basis of geological and geotechnical surveys, the landslide phenomena and the effects of landslide are examined. To understand the slide mechanism of the landslide, ground reconnaissance, laboratory and in situ tests are conducted. It is observed that the clayey and silty layers of the site are heavily saturated due to extreme rainfall in winter, and consequently sheared. The landslide consists of a block sliding in the upper portions and a debris flow/soil flow component around the margins of the sliding blocks in the middle parts and at the toe. Although there was no loss of human life, it has caused significant economic losses. Besides, it is determined that if precautions are not taken around the landslide area, larger landslides could definitely occur in the future.     

Pullout Capacity of Horizontally Loaded Suction Anchor Installed in Silty Sand

Current floating structures require more reliable and higher anchoring capacities because of their increased size. A suction anchor is one of the most popular anchors for a floating system. In this study, the behavior of a suction anchor installed in cohesionless soil was investigated when the anchor was subjected to mainly a horizontal load. Three-dimensional finite element numerical analyses were carried out using ABAQUS, and three centrifuge tests were performed to calibrate the numerical analyses. A parametric study with different dimensions and loading points for the suction anchor was conducted. The horizontal capacity of the suction anchor was estimated, and the soil reaction distribution was analyzed when the load was applied at the optimal point. Based on the results, an analytical equation for calculating the horizontal capacity of a suction anchor was proposed that can be easily adopted for design.     

桩间土拱效应离心模型试验及数值模拟研究

抗滑桩的设计理念是采用非连续结构,利用土体自身强度形成的拱效应来达到支挡的目的。通过离心模型试验,对抗滑桩加固滑坡形成土拱效应的现象进行研究,再现了桩间土拱形成的现象及其破坏模式。根据试验现象提出两种典型的土拱破坏模式,即拱顶发生破坏和拱脚发生破坏,并提出改善拱脚受力,防止土拱拱脚发生破坏的工程措施。基于离心模型试验,采用二维颗粒流方法对桩间水平土拱的应力分布和破坏过程进行数值模拟分析,提出土拱破坏的判别标准为抗滑桩所承担的荷载发生急剧变化,此时土拱传递荷载的功能部分失效,并研究了桩间土拱承载力与桩间净距的关系。随着桩间净距的增大,土拱承载力变化的趋势并非线性的减小,当桩间净距增大到一定程度后,土拱承载力会急剧减小,由此可合理确定桩间距的范围。