SHAPE INDICES: USEFUL MEASURES OR RED HERRINGS?

Considerable attention has been devoted to shape analysis in geography with few fruitful results. We ask whether or not shape analysis is worth pursuing, referring to papers by Griffith and Lo. The methodology utilizes a two-step procedure. First, Lo's analysis is reconstructed to include indices reported in Griffith. Second, findings from the investigations are compared. Similar results are obtained from both studies, but the failure to extract any one-to-one correspondence between a shape and its associated index value(s) continues to cast doubt on the utility for subsequent studies.     

《中国人口地图集》的编制特点

本文叙述了《中国人口地图集》的编制特点。图集主要使用了准确的详细的1982年第三次人口普查资料,并用计算机制图技术完成了人口数据的提取、处理、人口指标值计算、统计分析、制图分级和图形输出。在文中同时对图集的自动编制过程作了简要说明。     

光谱指数用于叶绿素含量提取的评价及一种改进的农作物冠层叶绿素含量提取模型

对目前提出的光谱指数用以提取叶片叶绿素含量的适应性进行了分析和评价。通过分析,解释了为什么研究者得出这些指数与他们的观测样本叶绿素含量有显著的相关的结论以及为什么某个研究者提出的某个指数和叶绿素含量间的关系用于其他样本时会失效。此外,改进了一个农作物冠层叶绿素含量的提取模型,通过独立实测数据验证,效果较好,认为是可以用于其他地区农作物叶绿素含量提取的模型。     

基于反射光谱预测土壤重金属元素含量的研究

本文利用实验室实测的土壤反射光谱以及铅、镉、汞等重金属元素数据,进行土壤重金属元素含量快速预测的可行性研究。本文利用偏最小二乘回归方法,研究了反射率(R)、一阶微分(FDR)、反射率倒数的对数(lg(1/R))和波段深度(BD)等对预测精度的影响,对这几种光谱指标预测土壤重金属含量的能力进行了分析和评价,同时分析了多光谱数据估算土壤重金属元素含量的可行性。结果表明,反射率倒数的对数lg(1/R)是估算土壤重金属元素含量最好的光谱指标,尤其是Cd和Pb,检验精度R超过0.82。有机质、铁锰氧化物和黏土矿物对土壤重金属元素的吸附是可见光—近红外—短波红外光谱估算其含量的机理。多光谱数据同样具有估算土壤重金属元素含量的能力,但实际数据则要考虑多种因素的影响。     

Confronting hysteresis: Wood based river rehabilitation in highly altered riverine landscapes of south-eastern Australia

This study evaluates an experiment in river rehabilitation which uses large wood to stimulate and emulate natural system processes in an effort to reverse channel degradation, excess sediment transport and habitat simplification that has resulted from two centuries of human induced disturbances, particularly desnagging. The experiment involved the reintroduction of 436 logs (350 t) within 20 engineered log jams (ELJs) over an 1100 m reach. Commencing in 1999, the experiment was set up as a standard BACI design, with a control reach 3 km upstream. In the 5 years since implementing the rehabilitation strategy, the study reach has experienced five floods greater than the mean annual, and a further five events capable of mobilising the gravel bed. Five surveys of channel terrain have been completed since treatment implementation, and the changes to net sediment storage and morphologic diversity assessed in comparison to the control reach. Seven surveys of the fish population in the reach have also been undertaken during the project to measure the ecological response to the introduced wood. The experiment has demonstrated the effectiveness of ELJ technology in achieving engineering and geomorphic goals. To date, the treatment has halted further degradation of the river and increased sediment storage, with the test reach now storing, on average, 40 m³/1000 m² more sediment than in the control. These values, it would appear, represent a new reach-scale dynamic equilibrium storage level over decadal timescales. Additional sediment storage amounts to 3.5 m³/m³ of wood added. At the reach scale this additional storage represents a reduction of just 2% or less of the post-European expansion in channel capacity, suggesting far greater efforts are required than those employed here to reverse the cumulative effects of 180 years of channel erosion and simplification.Pool and bar area in the test reach increased by around 5% and 3.5%, respectively, while the corresponding values in the control were around 1.5% and 1%, respectively. Two indices of morphologic diversity were measured for each bed survey: the standard deviation of 3D residuals of change compared with the baseline survey (SD_iΔ3D); and the standard deviation of thalweg residuals from the line of best fit (SD_iTR). The SD_iΔ3D index shows both reaches increased in complexity through the study with the treatment increasing more than the control (0.37 and 0.29, respectively). The SD_iTR index does not detect clear changes because of the low signal to noise ratio, however, it does suggest the test reach was more complex than the control at the outset. The observed increase in fish abundance after the first 12 months of monitoring, reported previously, is now far less distinct 4 years on — a pattern seemingly reflecting the relatively minor increases in critical pool habitat and habitat diversity over the same period. Although no significant differences were detectable in fish species richness or total abundance from the reach aggregate data after 4 years, analysis of individual structures show them to be high quality habitat for native fish compared to the rest of the reach and the upstream control.These results highlight the challenges river managers face in achieving measurable improvements in the health of aquatic ecosystems in highly altered rivers. Managers must confront hysteresis in a biophysical and institutional sense when attempting to reverse the degradation of rivers. The scale of treatment implemented in this experiment was at the upper end of the spectrum of rehabilitation efforts currently being undertaken in Australia, suggesting that far greater resources and longer timescales are required to achieve the levels of improvement in the diversity of stream habitat expected by the community. The study also highlights problems with the strategy of attempting to meet multiple objectives within a reach scale rehabilitation project. While this treatment successfully met some geomorphic study objectives, maximising the benefits for fish habitat would require a strategy focused primarily on the creation of complex woody habitat within deeper pools, particularly pools immediately below riffles.     

Coupling chemical weathering with soil production across soil‐mantled landscapes

Soil‐covered upland landscapes constitute a critical part of the habitable world. Our understanding of how they evolve as a function of different climatic, tectonic and geological regimes is important across a wide range of disciplines and depends, in part, on understanding the links between chemical and physical weathering processes. Extensive previous work has shown that soil production rates decrease with increasing soil column thickness, but chemical weathering rates were not measured. Here we examine a granitic, soil‐mantled hillslope at Point Reyes, California, where soil production rates were determined using in situ produced cosmogenic nuclides (¹⁰Be and ²⁶Al), and we quantify the extent as well as the rates of chemical weathering of the saprolite from beneath soil from across the landscape. We collected saprolite samples from the base of soil pits and analysed them for abrasion pH as well as for major and trace elements by X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy, and for clay mineralogy by X‐ray diffraction spectroscopy. Our results show for the first time that chemical weathering rates decrease with increasing soil thickness and account for 13 to 51 per cent of total denudation. We also show that spatial variation in chemical weathering appears to be topographically controlled: weathering rate decreases with slope across the divergent ridge and increases with upslope contributing area in the convergent swale. Furthermore, to determine the best measure for the extent of saprolite weathering, we compared four different chemical weathering indices – the Vogt ratio, the chemical index of alteration (CIA), Parker's index, and the silicon–aluminium ratio – with saprolite pH. Measurements of the CIA were the most closely correlated with saprolite pH, showing that weathering intensity decreases linearly with an increase in saprolite pH from 4·7 to almost 7. Data presented here are among the first to couple directly rates of soil production and chemical weathering with how topography is likely to control weathering at a hillslope scale. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Regionalization of constraints on expected watershed response behavior for improved predictions in ungauged basins

Approaches to modeling the continuous hydrologic response of ungauged basins use observable physical characteristics of watersheds to either directly infer values for the parameters of hydrologic models, or to establish regression relationships between watershed structure and model parameters. Both these approaches still have widely discussed limitations, including impacts of model structural uncertainty. In this paper we introduce an alternative, model independent, approach to streamflow prediction in ungauged basins based on empirical evidence of relationships between watershed structure, climate and watershed response behavior. Instead of directly estimating values for model parameters, different hydrologic response behaviors of the watershed, quantified through model independent streamflow indices, are estimated and subsequently regionalized in an uncertainty framework. This results in expected ranges of streamflow indices in ungauged watersheds. A pilot study using 30 UK watersheds shows how this regionalized information can be used to constrain ensemble predictions of any model at ungauged sites. Dominant controlling characteristics were found to be climate (wetness index), watershed topography (slope), and hydrogeology. Main streamflow indices were high pulse count, runoff ratio, and the slope of the flow duration curve. This new approach provided sharp and reliable predictions of continuous streamflow at the ungauged sites tested.     

阿拉伯海小暖池混合层盐度的年度变化

采用ECMWF的ORAS4盐度资料（1999—2009年）来研究阿拉伯海暖池区（ASMWP）混合层盐度的年际变化.基于ORAS4盐度的季节循环特征与观测资料高度一致,发现了ASMWP混合层盐度变化的异常高（低）盐度时期,即在2003、2005年的7—10月混合层盐度异常偏大,而2002年2—4月则有明显减弱.进一步研究发现,混合层盐度的强度和持续时间与ENSO和IOD有一定的关系,ASMWP混合层盐度异常在IOD负位向和ENSO负位相的时候偏高,反之亦然.最后,通过盐度收支分析发现,水平输运是导致ASMWP混合层盐度异常年际变化的主要因子.     

中国干旱内陆河出山径流对流域气象要素与全球气象指数的响应特征研究

干旱内陆河出山径流及其影响因素分析对于流域水资源评价、流域经济生态安全保障具有重要意义。基于1960-2012年塔里木河流域"三源流"与黑河流域的出山径流、降水、气温资料及4个全球气象指数监测数据,采用小波分析方法研究了各水文气象要素的周期特征,以及流域出山径流对气象要素与气象指数的响应特征。结果表明：（1）各水文气象因子多具有1~2个显著周期,周期多在2~7 a尺度范围内。（2）叶尔羌河、黑河出山径流与流域降水分别在6~17 a、2~16 a周期上关系显著。各出山径流与流域降水、气温的多尺度共振周期性差异,反映了各径流来源构成及其与气象要素年际动态方面的差异。（3）各流域出山径流对气象指数的响应特征不同,这在显著时频域以及径流响应时滞等方面均有表现。此研究可为气候变化条件下干旱内陆河流域生态-水文过程响应及水资源管理提供依据。     

天津大沽排污口水质参数综合评价(英文)

本研究对2012~2013年大沽排污口沉积物中硫化物、有机碳、石油类以及7种重金属(铜、铅、锌、镉、总汞、砷和铬)等水质指标的监测数据进行统计,并对其中重要的水质指标进行水污染综合指数评估,旨在对海河水质进行较为系统的评价。结果显示,D3、D6、D7和D9四个站位水质属于Ⅱ和Ⅲ类标准,其余各站位均为Ⅰ类;其余各指标(TOC、TPH、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Hg、As and Cr)的总体水平依次为Ⅰ、Ⅳ、Ⅱ、Ⅴ、Ⅱ、Ⅴ、Ⅲ、Ⅴ和Ⅴ类。各站位综合评价结果得到海河流域指数为3.28,说明海河流域处于严重污染状态,其污染程度超过该流域功能区的标准。