景观指数的空间尺度效应分析——以厦门岛土地利用格局为例

选取8个常用的景观指数,以厦门岛土地利用格局为例,分析景观指数随粒度变化的基本规律。探讨尺度效应对景观格局的影响,为基于景观指数进行不同尺度下土地利用类型、土地利用格局变化预测、对比分析和评价等研究提供参考。结果表明:在研究区内景观类型特征和景观格局特征随粒度的增大出现了显著的变化;除面积比例对粒度变化弱敏感外,其余所选景观指数对粒度变化相对敏感,体现出一定的尺度依赖性,因而利用这些景观指数进行不同尺度下的景观格局分析时需考虑尺度效应。     

中国省级行政区边界形状的GIS分析

本文借助GIS软件支持,计算了我国32个省的平面轮廓形状的分维、形状指数和紧凑度。结果表明,形状复杂(边缘复杂程度高,破碎度较大)的省(区)主要集中在东部及沿海地区;形状较紧凑的省(区)主要集中在西部地区,东部省与西部省的形状特征有较大差异。另探讨了各地区的地理气候环境和历史人文特征所致的主要原因,并初步分析了各特征对交通等组织的影响。     

天津沿岸冷锋型温带风暴潮的客观分型研究

选取1956?2016年共126例天津沿岸风暴潮个例,基于统计资料研究其发生规律,并按照天气形势将之分类。冷锋型温带风暴潮个例占据全部风暴潮个例的60%以上,其平均每年发生1.28次,2013?2016年有明显增多的趋势。利用Lamb-Jenkinson(L-J)客观分型方法,对2003?2016年的冷锋型温带风暴潮个例进行客观分型,并计算5个环流指数。分型结果表明:除有1例无法归类外,其余均可进行客观分类。在全部分型的27类环流类型中,冷锋型温带风暴潮个例的环流主要集中在12类之中。其中反气旋混合偏东气流型、反气旋混合东北气流型、偏东气流型均发生较多次数,共占据了总数的58.8%。此3类出现次数多,产生的增水大,可认为冷锋型温带风暴潮个例依据客观分型再次细分为此3种主要类型。3种主要的客观环流类型80%集中出现在秋、冬季节。利用典型过程的海平面气压场进行对比分析,其客观分型结果可以对影响渤海的冷锋走向和冷高压中心位置进行区分。环流指数的强弱粗略的表示了风暴潮过程的强弱。客观环流类型和环流指数,可以为风暴潮个例对比分析提供客观依据。     

基于HY-1C CZI影像光谱指数重构数据MNF变换的红树林提取

本文基于广西山口国家红树林生态自然保护区的HY-1C卫星的海岸带成像仪(Coastal Zone Imager,CZI)影像,分析了红树林与一般陆地植被的光谱特征及其光谱指数的相关性,采用归一化差值植被指数(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index,NDVI)、归一化差异水分指数(Normalized Difference Water Index,NDWI)、大气阻抗植被指数(Atmospheric Impedance Vegetation Index,ARVI)及利用CZI波段构建的光谱斜率比(CZI Visible Spectrum Slope Ratio,CVSSR)4个指数替代CZI原始波段形成重构数据,基于重构数据的最小噪声分离变换(Minimum Noise Fraction Rotation,MNF)结果分量,建立决策树并实现了红树林信息的自动提取。研究结果表明:结合本文所选光谱指数重构数据及MNF变换方法,能够有效增强CZI影像上红树林与一般陆地植被的光谱差异,基于MNF变换分量建立的决策树可有效提取红树林信息,经与专家解译结果比对,本文方法面积准确率达90%以上;经随机样本点验证,总体检测精度为88%。     

Estimation of leaf area index using PROSAIL based LUT inversion,MLRA-GPR and empirical models: Case study of tropical deciduous forest plantation,North India

Forests play a vital role in biological cycles and environmental regulation. To understand the key processes of forest canopies (e.g., photosynthesis, respiration and transpiration), reliable and accurate information on spatial variability of Leaf Area Index (LAI), and its seasonal dynamics is essential. In the present study, we assessed the performance of biophysical parameter (LAI) retrieval methods viz. Look-Up Table (LUT)-inversion, MLRA-GPR (Machine Learning Regression Algorithm- Gaussian Processes Regression) and empirical models, for estimating the LAI of tropical deciduous plantation using ARTMO (Automated Radiative Transfer Models Operator) tool and Sentinel-2 satellite images. The study was conducted in Central Tarai Forest Division, Haldwani, located in the Uttarakhand state, India. A total of 49 ESUs (Elementary Sampling Unit) of 30 m × 30 m size were established based on variability in composition and age of plantation stands. In-situ LAI was recorded using plant canopy imager during the leaf growing, peak and senescence seasons. The PROSAIL model was calibrated with site-specific biophysical and biochemical parameters before used to the predicted LAI. The plantation LAI was also predicted by an empirical approach using optimally chosen Sentinel-2 vegetation indices. In addition, Sentinel-2 and MODIS LAI products were evaluated with respect to LAI measurements. MLRA-GPR offered best results for predicting LAI of leaf growing (R² = 0.9, RMSE = 0.14), peak (R² = 0.87, RMSE = 0.21) and senescence (R² = 0.86, RMSE = 0.31) seasons while LUT inverted model outperformed VI’s based parametric regression model. Vegetation indices (VIs) derived from 740 nm, 783 nm and 2190 nm band combinations of Sentinel-2 offered the best prediction of LAI.     

Changes in reference evapotranspiration over China during 1960–2012: Attributions and relationships with atmospheric circulation

This study investigates reference evapotranspiration (ET₀) trends in China from 1960 to 2012 based on the Penman–Monteith equation and gridded meteorological measurements. Under the combined impacts of factors influencing ET₀ (i.e., net radiation [RN], mean temperature [TAVE], vapour pressure deficit [VPD], and wind speed [WND]), both seasonal and annual ET₀ for the whole China and more than half of the grids decreased over the past 53 years. The attribution analyses suggest that for the whole China, the WND is responsible for annual and seasonal ET₀ decreases (excluding summer, where RN is responsible). Across China, the annual cause of WND with the largest spatial extent (43.1% of grids) mainly derives from north of the Changjiang River Basin (CJRB), whereas VPD (RN) as a cause is dispersedly distributed (within and to the south of the CJRB). In summer, RN is dominant in more than half of the grids, but the dominance of VPD and WND accounts for approximately 90% of grids during the remaining seasons. Finally, the correlation coefficients between ET₀ and the Atlantic Oscillation (AO), North AO, Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), and El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) indices with different lead times are calculated. For the whole China, annual and seasonal ET₀ always significantly correlate with these indices (excluding the IOD) but with varied lead times. Additionally, near half of the grids show significant and maximum (i.e., the largest one between ET₀ and a certain index with a lead time of 0–3 seasons) correlation coefficients of ET₀ with PDO in spring and summer, ENSO in autumn, and AO in winter. This study is not only significant for understanding ET₀ changes, but it also provides preliminary and fundamental reference information for ET₀ prediction.     

钢筋混凝土框架柱震损程度量化鉴定方法

钢筋混凝土结构震后损伤鉴定中,最常见的方式是鉴定者观察房屋破坏现象,根据经验给出震损等级。该方法直观高效,但对鉴定者的专业经验要求较高,且鉴定结果的主观差异较大。对此以RC框架柱为对象,开展了基于震损现象的震损量化鉴定方法研究:在RC框架柱震损现象量化试验基础上给出基于构件骨架曲线特征阶段的震损分级方法;对7个RC框架柱试件进行了改进Park-Ang损伤指数分析,建立了RC框架柱损伤指数-震损分级-震损现象的对应关系;基于RC框架柱的试验结果及典型震害编制了RC框架柱震损图集,并给出了使用图集进行框架柱震损鉴定的流程及方法。使用该方法对2个实际震害中的RC框架柱进行了震损鉴定,可为更加客观以及准确地开展钢筋混凝土结构的震损鉴定提供参考。     

地磁活动K指数自动计算FMI方法的改进

将Kp指数与国际地磁学与高空物理学协会(International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy,下文简称IAGA)推荐的FMI方法(V1.0)计算的K值对比分析后发现,二者的差值在中国区域内出现"不同台站之间K1~K8两头离散、K值整体高出K_p约0.5个单位、个别日期S_R计算错误、相邻日期S_R频繁出现跨天台阶"现象.针对这些现象,分析了可能产生的原因,并对原FMI算法进行了四处改进.用改进后的FMI算法计算了全球8个台站、中国5个台站在2003-2005年和2009年共4年的K指数数据,并将计算结果分别与Kp指数以及这些台站用其他方法计算的K值进行一致性比较,发现改进后的计算结果与二者更为接近,说明本文对FMI方法的改进是有效的.     

Assessment of hydrological extremes in the Kamo River Basin,Japan

A suite of extreme indices derived from daily precipitation and streamflow was analysed to assess changes in the hydrological extremes from 1951 to 2012 in the Kamo River Basin. The evaluated indices included annual maximum 1-day and 5-day precipitation (RX1day, RX5day), consecutive dry days (CDD), annual maximum 1-day and 5-day streamflow (SX1day, SX5day), and consecutive low-flow days (CDS). Sen’s slope estimator and two versions of the Mann-Kendall test were used to detect trends in the indices. Also, frequency distributions of the indices were analysed separately for two periods: 1951–1981 and 1982–2012. The results indicate that quantiles of the rainfall indices corresponding to the 100-year return period have decreased in recent years, and the streamflow indices had similar patterns. Although consecutive no rainfall days represented by 100-year CDD decreased, continuous low-flow days represented by 100-year CDS increased. This pattern change is likely associated with the increase in temperature during this period.

EDITOR D. Koutsoyiannis

ASSOCIATE EDITOR E. Gargouri