Geomorphic process signatures reshaping sub-humid Mediterranean badlands: 1. Methodological development based on high-resolution topography

High-resolution topography data sets have improved the spatial and temporal scales at which we are able to investigate the landscape through the analysis of landform attributes and the computation of topographic changes. Yet, to date, there have been only limited attempts to infer key geomorphic processes in terms of contributions to shaping the landscape. Highly erodible landscapes such as badlands provide an ideal demonstration of such an approach owing to the rapid changes observed over a relatively short time frame. In this technical note we present the Mapping Geomorphic Processes in the Environment (MaGPiE): a new algorithm that allows mapping of geomorphic process signatures through analysis of repeat high-resolution topography data sets. The method is demonstrated in an experimental badland located in the southern central Pyrenees. MaGPiE is a geographic information system (GIS)-based algorithm that uses as input: (a) terrain attributes (i.e. Slope, Roughness and Concentrated Runoff Index) extracted from digital elevation models (DEMs), and (b) a map of topographic changes (DEM of difference, DoD). Initial results demonstrate that MaGPiE allows the magnitude and the spatial distribution of the main geomorphic processes reshaping badlands to be inferred for the first time. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Assessing benthic ecological status in coastal area near Changjiang River estuary using AMBI and M-AMBI

The Changjiang （Yangtze） River estuary has been subject to a variety of anthropogenic pressures in recent decades. To assess the ecological health of the coastal benthic ecosystem adjacent to the estuary, three surveys were conducted in 2005, 2009, and 2010. The AZTI＇s Marine Biotic Index （AMBI） and multivariate-AMBI （M-AMBI） were used to analyse the benthic ecological status of this coast. The AMBI indicate that the ecological status of the coast adjacent to the Changjiang River estuary was only slightly degraded in all 3 years. In contrast, the M-AMBI indicated that the ecological status was seriously degraded, a result that is most likely due to pollution and eutrophication induced by human activities. The assessment of the coast＇s ecological status by the AMBI was not in agreement with that of the M-AMBI at some stations because of lower biodiversity values at those sites. The analysis of the two indices integrated with abiotic parameters showed that the M-AMBI could be used as a suitable bio-indicator index to assess the benthic ecological status of the coast adjacent to the Changjiang River estuary. The reference conditions proposed for the coast of the Changjiang River estuary should be further evaluated in future studies. Designation of local species could also provide an important reference for Chinese waters. To improve the reliability of AMBI and M-AMBI, further research into the ecology of local species is required to understand their arrangement in ecological groups.     

极端天气下三峡库区土地利用对河流水质的多时空尺度影响

为探究极端天气下流域内水质对土地利用的响应关系,本研究基于不同空间尺度(1000 m河段缓冲区、500 m河岸带缓冲区及子流域)的土地利用指数以及旱季(2019年11月)、雨季-洪水期(2020年7月)和雨季-干旱期(2022年8月)的水质数据,探究流域内土地利用对水质的多时空尺度影响,从而得到保护流域水质和规划流域内土地利用格局的最佳时空尺度和对水质影响最显著的预测因子。研究表明:(1)流域水质受极端天气影响,降雨会增强水体的稀释能力,高温会加快水中微生物反应速率,具体表现为雨季-洪水期的水质较好,雨季-干旱期次之,旱季较差。(2)土地利用对水质指标的影响存在时空尺度效应,土地利用在子流域和旱季尺度下对河流水质影响最显著。(3)不同土地利用指数对流域水质影响存在差异,耕地、林地、斑块密度、最大斑块指数和边缘密度是影响水质指标最显著的解释变量。其中林地与多数水质指标具有负相关关系,建设用地、耕地、斑块密度与较多水质指标存在正相关关系。本研究结果为合理规划土地利用格局以及保护河流水质提供科学依据,对三峡库区环境可持续发展及生态保护具有一定意义。     

CMA-GFS与ECMWF模式预报产品不一致性特征

为讨论CMA-GFS模式与ECMWF模式对不同要素预报性能的差异,选用2019—2021年500 hPa位势高度、地面气压、地面2 m气温、12 h降水量的4种要素为对象,采用跳跃指数为评价指标,对比分析了不同区域CMA-GFS、ECMWF模式预报的不一致性特征。结果表明：1)在形势产品(500 hPa位势高度、地面气压)预报方面,两种模式多日平均预报跳跃指数和频率(即预报不一致性)随预报时效的延长而逐渐增大,总体而言CMA-GFS模式预报不一致性比ECMWF模式略显著。2)在要素产品(地面2 m气温、12 h降水量)预报方面,ECMWF模式预报的跳跃指数、频率都随预报时效的延长而逐渐增大;CMA-GFS模式预报的跳跃指数、频率随预报时效的延长出现“两头大、中间小”的变化;CMA-GFS模式预报不一致性比ECMWF模式显著,尤其短预报时效差异更明显。3)除CMA-GFS模式12 h降水预报外,同一模式相同要素预报区域范围越大预报跳跃指数越小,两者呈反比关系。4)两种模式的500 hPa位势高度、地面气压、地面2 m气温预报的跳跃指数分布均呈自南向北逐渐增大趋势,而12 h降水量预报的跳...     

Transformation and Breaking of Irregular Waves on Very Gentle Slopes

—Based on theoretical analysis.numerical calculation.and experimental study,this paper dis-cusses breaker indices of irregular waves.transformation of wave spectrum.characteristics and computa-tion of breaking waves.as well as the critical beach slope under which waves will not break.Computed re-sults are in good agreement with laboratory physical model test data and ocean wave field measurements.     

北极海冰输出区域海冰运动变化特征及其与北极航道适航性的关系

随着北极地区气候变暖的加剧,北极海冰正在急剧消融,海冰的减少增加了北极地区航道的适航性。本文利用遥感数据反演得到的海冰运动产品对北极海冰输出区域以及东北航道以北区域的海冰运动特征进行了量化。结果显示,从北极中央海域向弗拉姆海峡以及格陵兰海流出海冰的南向位移量呈现出显著增长趋势,海冰的平均南向位移量在2007-2014年间达到1511 km,是2007年之前（617 km）的两倍以上,反映了北极穿极流（TDS）强度在不断增强。通过长时间序列分析发现,春季东北航道以北区域的海冰北向漂移速度在喀拉海呈现+0.04 厘米/秒/年的显著增长趋势（P<0.05）。海冰北向漂移对于东北航道的开通具有显著的影响,在拉普捷夫海与喀拉海,海冰北向运动速度与航道适航期的决定系数分别达到0.33（P<0.001）和0.15（P<0.05）。东西伯利亚海、拉普捷夫海以及喀拉海存在冰间湖区域的春季海冰面积变化与航道的适航期密切相关,海冰的北向漂移对拉普捷夫海和喀拉海的海冰面积减少也有显著影响,这说明北向漂移促进了海冰的离岸输送,造成海冰面积减少的同时形成冰间水道或冰间湖促使航道开通。为探究大气环流指数对海冰运动以及东北航道适航期的影响,本文利用大气再分析数据计算了中央北极指数（CAI）和北极大气偶极子异常（DA）指数。相关性分析表明,CAI比DA更能解释东北航道的适航期,而且CAI能够解释北极海冰输出区域海冰南向位移量变化的45%。最近10年,夏季正相位的CAI进一步加强,通过加强海冰离岸输运和冰间湖活动加剧了东北航道区域海冰变薄及其强度变弱,从而促进了东北航道的开通。     

Sentinel-2 red-edge spectral indices (RESI) suitability for mapping rubber boom in Luang Namtha Province,northern Lao PDR

Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) tree cultivation is being continuously expanded northward by replacing evergreen forests and swidden-related regenerated vegetation across the uplands of mainland Southeast Asia (MSEA), e.g., Laos, a landlocked mountainous country. The non-native tree establishment in the northern tropical edge, or the non-traditional suitable planting area, provides stable supplies of natural latex, yet also leads to severe ecological degradation and environmental effects in water conservation, soil quality, rainforest fragmentation and biodiversity. Rubber plantations in the northern part of MSEA are normally characterized by periodic deciduous during the dry season, along with a lengthy defoliation-foliation duration, because of seasonal variations in temperature and precipitation. It thus lays a phenological and physiological base for dynamics monitoring with common multispectral (e.g., near-infrared and short-wave infrared bands) satellites, particularly Landsat. However, whether Sentinel-2 red-edge based algorithms are suitable for discriminating rubber plantations is not yet exclusively reported. Here, we developed a red-edge spectral indices (RESI) method through the normalization of three red-edge bands and applied it to identify and map rubber plantations in Luang Namtha Province of northern Laos, where a rubber boom begun in the mid-2000s. The RESI algorithm highlights the sensitivity of red-edge bands to the changes in moisture content and canopy density of rubber plantations. The area of mature rubber plantations was estimated to be 771.2 km² in this province bordering southwest China in 2018, which was nearly twice as much as that of 2011, with the overall accuracy and kappa coefficient up to 92.50% and 0.91, respectively. Our phenology-based RESI approach not only indicates that Sentinel-2 imagery holds significant potential for monitoring rubber plantations, but also improves the remotely-sensed methods of rubber boom mapping via introducing the red-edge channel.     

基于HJ-1高光谱影像的黄河口芦苇和碱蓬生物量估测模型研究

湿地植被的生物量是湿地生态评价、保护和利用的重要基础数据,遥感技术已经成为湿地生物量高效、准确监测的重要手段。基于2013年9月的HJ-1 高光谱遥感影像,应用准同步现场踏勘数据,通过单变量线性回归和多变量线性回归的方法,针对7种常用的窄波段植被指数和2种红边指数对黄河口芦苇和碱蓬生物量(地上干重)的估测能力进行了评价。结果表明:(1)单光谱指数变量情况下,对于芦苇,选择近红外827 nm波段和红635 nm波段简单植被指数(SRI)和线性插值红边指数(REP_ linear interpolation)取得了最佳的单变量回归结果,决定系数分别达到0.42和0.58;对于碱蓬,选择近红外807 nm波段和红692 nm波段的归一化差值植被指数(NDVI)、SRI和优化的土壤校正植被指数(OSAVI)取得了较好的回归结果,决定系数分别达到0.60,0.59和0.47;(2)多光谱指数变量情况下,以在单变量回归分析中取得较好结果的SRI和REP_ linear interpolation指数为变量,芦苇得到了与其生物量之间决定系数为0.71的高相关性;同时,以NDVI、SRI和OSAVI为变量,与碱蓬生物量的决定系数达到了0.66。     

北疆绿洲农业区气象干旱指数的确定及干旱特征分析

气象干旱指数是衡量农业干旱程度的指标之一。选取降水距平百分率PA、标准化降水指数SPI、标准化降水蒸散指数SPEI、通过SPI和SPEI构建的综合指数nSPEI（新的标准化降水蒸散指数）四种干旱指数,利用北疆绿洲农业区1961－2020年的气象数据,进行相关性、回归拟合、不同等级干旱频率分布等方面的对比,优选出对旱情描述更符合实际的干旱指数,并进而分析研究区的干旱变化特征。结果表明：（1）PA的干旱标准低估了干旱程度,SPI对温度上升引起的干旱加剧不敏感,SPEI计算蒸散发选用的Thornthwaite方法会高估温度对干旱的影响,nSPEI克服了SPI和SPEI的不足,对研究区的适用性最优。（2）近60年,研究区季尺度气象干旱随时间呈波动性变化特征,进入21世纪以来,春、夏季表现为湿－干变化,秋季表现为弱的干－湿变化,在干旱强度上,春、夏季由弱增强,秋季略减弱,在干旱范围上,以全局性干旱为主,春季局域性干旱增多,夏、秋季局域性干旱减少,在干旱频次上,春季特旱多,夏季重旱多,要注意相伴随的大风灾害和高温灾害,都会进一步加重农业旱情和灾情。