The Ionospheric foF2 Data over Istanbul and their Response to Solar Activity for the Years 1964–1969 and 1993

A Polish-made vertical ionosonde (VI) has been operated at the Kandilli Observatory in Istanbul, for almost one year (May 1993 - April 1994) as part of the COST 238, PRIME Project, The critical frequencies were obtained for every half-hour interval. The data obtained during this campaign, on the descending branch of solar cycle 22, and the data measured earlier in Istanbul for cycle 20 were analysed and the characteristic behaviour of the F2 region ionosphere over Istanbul has been determined. This is a unique data set for this area. Several markers of the solar cycle activities in terms of the daily relative sunspot numbers, F10.7 cm solar radio flux and solar flare index, and the magnetic daily index of Ap were then used to seek the possible influence of the solar and ionospheric activities on the critical frequencies observed in Istanbul. It was found that the solar flare index, as a solar activity index, was more reliable in determining quiet ionospheric days. It is shown that the minimum and maximum time values of the solar activity are more convenient for ionospheric prediction and modelling.     

A Review of Damage Intensity Scales

A wide range of scales and indices are used to describe natural hazards and theirimpacts. Some scales infer damage levels from hazard characteristics while othersuse damage levels to estimate a physical characteristic. Damage scales may relyon raw dollar values, percent loss estimates, damage states, normalized values ormacrodamage categories. Whatever the basis of the scale it should tell the truth.However, scales are compromises between the need for detailed information andbeing simple enough to use.Damage scales may be nominal (categorical), ordinal, interval or ratio scales. Frequencywords such as ``few', ``many' can be dealt with in a range of ways to produce contiguous,widely separated, broadly overlapping or narrow overlapping values. Most scales rely onmaximum values but some focus on minimum or threshold values. The number of levelson damage scales commonly ranges from five to 13. Some long-lived damage scales haveevolved through several editions, changing to reflect the new or additional uses to whichthey have been put and as buildings and the nature of damage to those structures has changed.Few scales state precisely the purpose of the scale, deal clearly with ambiguities or provideguidelines for the use of qualitative information.     

Airborne LiDAR point cloud in mapping of fluvial forms: a case study of a Hungarian floodplain

The aim of this paper was to analyze the ground and low vegetation points of a Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) point cloud from the aspect of the generated digital terrain model (DTM). We determined the height difference between the surveyed surface and the DTM and the level of interspersion of ground and low vegetation points in a floodplain. Finally, we performed a supervised classification with topographic (elevation, slope and aspect) variables and an Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) layer to identify swales and point bars as floodplain forms. Cross sections of field surveys provided reference data to express the magnitude of the bias on the DTM caused by the vegetation, and we proved that the bias can reach the 60% of the relative height and depth of the floodplain forms (mean error was 0.15 ± 0.12 m). A landscape metric, the Aggregation Index, provided an appropriate tool to analyze and quantify the interspersion of the ground and vegetation points: indicating a high level of interspersion of the classified points, i.e. proved that vegetation points where the last echoes reflected from the vegetation became ground points. Floodplain classification performed best with the common use of DTM, slope, aspect and NDVI coverages, with 71% overall accuracy.     

莱州湾海岸带遥感图象的地貌解译研究

本文采用光学图象增强方法和计算机数字图象处理技术,对菜州湾34幅卫片进行了图象处理及地学解译,结合地面资料,完成了有关图件36幅,包括:菜州湾海岸带地貌特征及其成因类型;菜州湾潮间带地貌分带及全新世海侵范围;黄河入海泥砂的扩散范围及强度分布;菜州湾岸线动态变化、岸滩稳定性等。遥感图象处理方法应用于海岸带地貌动态分析研究具有广阔前景。     

Wave Breaking Phenomena of Irregular Waves Combined with Opposing Current

- Experimental study and theoretical analysis show that the critical value of relative wave height (H/ d)b given by Goda and the critical wave steepness (H/ L)b given by Michell and Miche can be adopted as the spilling breaking indices of regular waves. According to the same principle, a systematic theoretical analysis and experiment of irregular waves have been done by the authors in order to solve the breaking problem of irregular waves. It is indicated that the authors' method for determining wave breaking of regular waves can also be used for irregular waves.     

Geochemical contamination in the mine affected soil of Raniganj Coalfield——A river basin scale assessment

The study aimed to assess the heavy metals(K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Pb, Sr, Zr) contamination in the soil of mine affected Singaran river basin and to analyse spatial variation in the contamination level considering 32 soil samples. Elemental analysis of soil samples has been performed through Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis(EDX) to quantify the elemental concentration(mg kgà1). Heavy metal concentrations have been assessed through geo-accumulation index(Igeo) and enrichment factor(EF).Indices showed soils have moderate accumulation of most of the metals with moderate enrichment of Sr,Zr, Zn, Cu and Ni. Soil contamination level assessment has been carried out using indices like Contamination Factor(CF), degree of contamination(C_(deg)), modified degree of contamination(m C_(deg)) and Pollution Load Index(PLI). CF shows moderate to considerable contamination by Sr, Zr, Ca, Cu, Mn, Zn and Ni. Mean indices values(m C_(deg)and PLI for the entire basin are 3.38 and 2.23 respectively) show low to moderate level of soil contamination. These indices result have been mapped and analysed in GIS platform to get spatial variation of pollution level. Opencast mines dominate middle catchment area and so is comparatively contaminated. Sample sites 11, 18 and 25 evidenced high values of all indices of pollution load. From the ecological standpoint Ecological Risk Factor(Er) and Potential Ecological Risk Index(RI) have been estimated to assess regional threat to native soil environment and it shows low ecological risk potential. Analysis shows that mine dominated soil of the entire Singaran basin is less contaminated in all respect but tends to the moderate contamination level at the mid-catchment area,especially by Sr, Zr, Zn, Cu and Ni.     

尼泊尔Andhi Khola河研究参照点的识别及确认

参照条件是开展河流生态学研究的基础,这些条件不受或很少受到人为干扰。为研究尼泊尔Andhi Khola河上一处河坝的生态影响,采用野外快速生物筛分（RFB）法预先划分出2个研究参照点或最少干扰参照点,于2013年1月和2月采集了生物学样品（大型脊椎动物）和物理-化学样品。对大型无脊椎动物区系使用多栖息地采样（MHS）法。通过一些指标对预选的研究点进行了确认,这些指标是：尼泊尔生物评价法（NEPBIOS）、生物监测评价法（BMWP）、兴都库什喜马拉雅生物评价法（HKHBIOS）、Hilsenhoff法（HILSENHOFF）,以及国家卫生基金会水质指标法（NSFWQI）。NEPBIOS、HKHBIOS、HILSENHOFF、RFB以及NSFWQI指标预测2个参照点的河水水质都比较好,达到II级水准。只有BMWP/ASPT水质指标预测2个参照点的河水水质都很好,达到I级水准。如此,预选的这2个水质较好的点（II级）被确认为研究参照点。本研究表明,多度量法适用于即将修建水利工程的河流的监测与评价。