Reappraisal of Asian Summer Monsoon Indices and the Long-Term Variation of Monsoon

The Webster and Yang monsoon index (WYI)-the zonal wind shear between 850 and 200 hPa was calculated and modified on the basis of NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data. After analyzing the circulation and divergence fields of 150-100 and 200 hPa, however, we found that the 200-hPa level could not reflect the real change of the upper-tropospheric circulation of Asian summer monsoon, especially the characteristics and variation of the tropical easterly jet which is the most important feature of the upper-tropospheric circulation. The zonal wind shear U850-U(150 100) is much larger than U850-U200, and thus it can reflect the strength of monsoon more appropriately. In addition, divergence is the largest at 150 hPa rather than 200 hPa, so 150 hPa in the upper-troposphere can reflect the coupling of the monsoon system. Therefore, WYI is redefined as DHI, i.e., IDH=U850* - U(150 100)*, which is able to characterize the variability of not only the intensity of the center of zonal wind shear in Asia, but also the monsoon system in the upper and lower troposphere. DHI is superior to WYI in featuring the long-term variation of Asian summer monsoon as it indicates there is obvious interdecadal variation in the Asian summer monsoon and the climate abrupt change occurred in 1980. The Asian summer monsoon was stronger before 1980 and it weakened after then due to the weakening of the easterly in the layer of 150-100 hPa, while easterly at 200 hPa did not weaken significantly. After the climate jump year in general, easterly in the upper troposphere weakened in Asia, indicating the weakening of summer monsoon; the land-sea pressure difference and thermal difference reduced, resulting in the weakening of monsoon; the corresponding upper divergence as well as the water vapor transport decreased in Indian Peninsula, central Indo-China Peninsula, North China, and Northeast China, indicating the weakening of summer monsoon as well. The difference between NCEP/NCAR and ERA-40 reanalysis data in studying the intensity and long-term variation of Asian summer monsoon is also compared in the end for reference.     

马粪海胆卵巢发育周年变化研究

利用光镜和电镜观察研究了马粪海胆（Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus）卵巢组织的周年变化，同时逐月测定了海胆的生殖腺指数。在此基础上将生殖腺的发育周期划分为五期：恢复期、生长期、成熟前期、成熟期、排放后期。实验结果表明，青岛近岸马粪海胆的产卵期为4～6月。     

鳗鲡(Anguilla japonica)性腺发育和饥饿胁迫下生物学指标及体内蛋白质与氨基酸含量变化

自然条件下, 鳗鲡(Anguilla japonica)自降河入海至性腺发育成熟需洄游数千公里、耗时半 年以上, 且整个过程中不摄食。本文以降海洄游、人工促熟和长期饥饿(20 个月)三种状态下的鳗鲡 为材料, 研究其在性腺发育和饥饿胁迫时的主要生物学指标(包括肥满度、肝体比、脏体比、性腺指 数、含肉率)以及肌肉、肝脏和性腺中的粗蛋白与氨基酸含量的变化情况, 以探讨鳗鲡性腺发育和饥 饿胁迫下的营养物质来源与变化。结果发现: 人工促熟鳗鲡的肝体比、脏体比和性腺指数显著高于 降海洄游鳗鲡(P<0.05), 而含肉率、肝脏和卵巢内的粗蛋白含量、氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸总量以及 非必需氨基酸总量均显著低于降海洄游鳗鲡的含量(P<0.05); 长期饥饿鳗鲡的肥满度、肝体比、含肉 率、肌肉(鲜样)、肝脏内的粗蛋白、氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸总量以及必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量的 比值显著低于降海洄游鳗鲡(P<0.05).结果表明, 鳗鲡性腺发育所需要的营养物质主要来源于肌肉, 其性腺的发育依赖自身营养物质在体内的流动和转化, 肌肉中的必需氨基酸和非必需氨基酸均被利 用, 转化成性腺发育所需要的物质。     

An analysis of the trophic network of a macrotidal estuary: the Seine Estuary (Eastern Channel, Normandy, France)

A steady state, mass balance, trophic network has been constructed to illustrate the flow of energy in the Seine Estuary by using Network Analysis and Ecopath methods. This ecosystem shows 15 compartments from primary producers to the top consumers (fish and birds). This study has been compared with other ecosystems of comparable nature located in North America (Narragansett, Chesapeake, Delaware Bays), Europe (Ems Estuary, Dublin Bay and Bay of Somme), and South Africa (Swartkops Estuary) in which analysis of trophic network has been applied with similar methods.The Seine Estuary shows values of some global parameters and indices either close to large North American bays and a South African estuary characterised by the complexity of their trophic network, or values near European bays and estuaries, or else remain typical of the Seine estuary. All of this reflects specific functioning of the Seine Estuary which can be explained by the analysis of the dominant food web. In the upstream sector an important pelagic food web was found correlated with highest primary production, especially planktonic, which is rapidly consumed by an abundant zooplankton and suprabenthos (Mysidacae and Decapoda Crustacea). This reveals the dominant consumer role of this sector. The external fluvial inputs (277.80 gC m⁻² y⁻¹) are transferred to the downstream sector which produces the major export (548.43 gC m⁻² y⁻¹), in parallel with the low consumption and efficiency of dominant benthos component from its bentho-pelagic food web. This reflects the dominant exporter role of this sector.In the Seine Estuary low values of detritivory index D/H (2.52), recycling index FCI (16.1%) and connectance (0.24) were found associated with high values of P/B ratio (38.2%), sum of exports (548.43 gC m⁻² y⁻¹) and the great difference between ratio of ascendency to capacity development A/C and internal ratio A_i/C_i. This shows the lack of a dominant resource as in Delaware Bay, that the state of development is different from a mature ecosystem, and the dependance on external connections similar to the Bay of Somme, another ecosystem of Eastern Channel, France.     

CART and IDC – based classification of irrigated agricultural fields using multi-source satellite data

To understand water productivity of crops cultivated in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia, this study was conducted to generate a reliable crop type map using a multi-temporal satellite data (ASTER, Landsat-8 and MODIS) and crop phenology. Classification And Regression Tree (CART) and ISO-DATA Cluster (IDC) classification techniques were utilized for the identification of crops. The Ideal Crop Spectral Curves were generated and utilized for the formulation of CART decision rules. For IDC, the stacked images of the phenology-integrated Normalized Difference Vegetation Index were utilized for the classification. The overall accuracy of the classified maps of CART was 76, 77 and 81% for ASTER, MODIS and Landsat-8, respectively. For IDC, the accuracy was determined at 67, 63 and 60% for ASTER, MODIS and Landsat-8, respectively. The developed decision rules can be efficiently used for mapping of crop types for the same agro-climatic region of the study area.     

Absolute photometry of small main-belt asteroids in 2007–2009

We present the results of absolute photometry – the absolute brightness H_V, the effective diameter, (B)VR color indices, composite light curves, period of rotation and amplitude of variations – of several small asteroids in the inner main-belt: 1344 Caubeta, 1401 Lavonne, 2947 Kippenhahn, 3913 Chemin, 3956 Caspar, 4375 Kiyomori, 4555 1987 QL, 5484 Inoda, 5985 1942 RJ, 6949 Zissell and main-belt asteroid 6867 Kuwano. The photometric observations of these objects were made in the period 2007–2009 as part of a project of photometric studies of small main-belt asteroids that involves a collaboration of a number of asteroid photometrists around the world.     

长春市大型零售设施空间可达性绩效测度

对传统的空间可达性测度模型进行改进,并引入营业面积,人口数量,消费者偏好等变量,对长春市大型零售设施进行研究,通过ArcGIS平台对零售设施的分布特征进行分析后表明:① 零售设施主要分布在城市三环路以内,在一环路传统商业区集聚程度最高;快消零售设施空间分布的向心性显著,呈单中心的集聚特征;耐消设施分布的离心化相对明显,呈双中心的集聚特征.② 综合,快消设施可达性绩效高值区集中在一环内,绩效指数向外递减时存在阶梯性,南北方向递减速度高于东西方向,城市南部三环路以外绩效水平最低;耐消设施绩效高值区在空间上分散分布.③ 快消设施绩效低值区是近年来长春市居住空间扩散的主要区域,零售设施的空间配置严重滞后于城市的空间拓展与人口的郊区化趋势.零售设施空间可达性绩效测度是一种关联了供需双方面因素,测量零售设施服务分配到单位消费者水平的方法.