赤道太平洋对流活动异常对我国夏季降水和气温的影响

利用月平均ＯＬＲ、降水和气温资料,研究了ＥＮＳＯ期间赤道太平洋对流活动与我国夏季降水和气温的关系。结果表明：春季、夏季中、西太平洋对流活动异常与我国夏季江淮地区的降水有密切关系;春季和前一年冬季西太平洋对流活动异常与东北地区夏季降水有显著相关。前一年冬季中、西太平洋对流活动异常与我国降水的显著相关区是不同的,前者为华南、西南地区,后者为东北至内蒙古一带。气温与同期中、西太平洋对流活动的相关不显著。     

Assessment of Global Seismic Loss Based on Macroeconomic Indicators

Most earthquake loss studies use a probabilistic approach in which predicted damages in various categories of structure and facilities in the region in concern are estimated and added together to obtain a total loss for particular intensity ranges. Such an approach requires a detailed inventory database of the structures and facilities in the region, which is not always readily available in many regions of the world. We have used an alternative means of estimating earthquake losses based on several macroeconomic indices such as the gross domestic product and population. Using published earthquake loss data for 1980–1995, the relations between GDP and earthquake loss have been formulated empirically for several intensity ranges. The world's land surface was divided into unit cells 0.5° lat. × 0.5° long. in size. The GDP of each cell was apportioned based on its population and GDP, and the population of the region to which it belongs. The predicted seismic loss of the cell was then estimated from the seismic hazard probability function, its GDP, and the empirical relation between GDP and seismic loss. A global seismic loss map is then compiled both for the intensity at 10% probability of exceedance and the probable maximum intensity. Employing readily available socioeconomic data as the basis for the vulnerability analysis, the method enables us to obtain seismic loss estimates for regions without the need for a detailed inventory of exposed structures or collateral geological information. Since such statistics are frequently compiled by the world's leading political and financial institutions, the seismic loss estimates can also be upgraded easily for the fast developing areas of the world.     

Diagenesis and incipient metamorphism in the western fold-and-thrust belt,SW Urals,Russia

In the western fold-and-thrust belt of the southern Urals, the Kübler and Árkai indices determined on shales, slates and phyllites record an increase from lower late diagenetic to epizonal grade from west to east. The metamorphic grade varies strongly within the different tectonic segments, which are separated by major thrusts. The increase of diagenetic and incipient metamorphic grade from the footwall to the hanging wall of all major Upper Palaeozoic thrusts indicates a pre-Permo/Triassic origin. West of the Avzyan thrust zone, the diagenetic to incipient metamorphic grade is related to the Palaeozoic basin development and reached the final grades in Late Carboniferous to Early Permian times. East of the first Avzyan thrust in the Yamantau anticlinorium, the diagenetic to lower greenschist metamorphic grade is possibly of Neoproterozoic origin and might be related to the development of the Neoproterozoic basin at the eastern margin of the East European Craton. The eastern part of the Yamantau anticlinorium was exhumed below 200 °C in the Late Carboniferous or Early Permian. The diagenetic grade of the autochthonous Palaeozoic sedimentary units increases toward the stack of Palaeozoic nappes and might partly be caused by the deformational process due to the emplacement of the Palaeozoic nappes. Within the Timirovo thrust sheet, the decrease of metamorphic grade with stratigraphic age developed prior to the emplacement of the nappes. The upper anchizonal metamorphic grade of the Upper Devonian slates of the Zilair nappe results from the deformation process related to the Lower Carboniferous nappe emplacement.     

马粪海胆卵巢发育周年变化研究

利用光镜和电镜观察研究了马粪海胆（Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus）卵巢组织的周年变化，同时逐月测定了海胆的生殖腺指数。在此基础上将生殖腺的发育周期划分为五期：恢复期、生长期、成熟前期、成熟期、排放后期。实验结果表明，青岛近岸马粪海胆的产卵期为4～6月。     

Environmental prognostics: is the current use of biomarkers appropriate for environmental risk evaluation?

Environmental Prognostics is proposed as an integrated explanatory framework for adverse changes in whole systems, from cells to animals to ecosystems. The aim is to develop such frameworks for the evaluation of "health of the environment" and prediction of consequences resulting from future environmental events based on integrating the reactions of biomarkers for cellular and physiological processes, through conceptual, statistical and computational modelling. These are urgently needed to synthesise complex information on environmental chemistry and injurious effects of pollutants into predicted harmful impact on health of sentinel animals.     

Hyperspectral-based predictive modelling of grapevine water status in the Portuguese Douro wine region

In this study, hyperspectral reflectance (HySR) data derived from a handheld spectroradiometer were used to assess the water status of three grapevine cultivars in two sub-regions of Douro wine region during two consecutive years. A large set of potential predictors derived from the HySR data were considered for modelling/predicting the predawn leaf water potential (Ψ_pd) through different statistical and machine learning techniques. Three HySR vegetation indices were selected as final predictors for the computation of the models and the in-season time trend was removed from data by using a time predictor. The vegetation indices selected were the Normalized Reflectance Index for the wavelengths 554 nm and 561 nm (NRI_554;561), the water index (WI) for the wavelengths 900 nm and 970 nm, and the D1 index which is associated with the rate of reflectance increase in the wavelengths of 706 nm and 730 nm. These vegetation indices covered the green, red edge and the near infrared domains of the electromagnetic spectrum. A large set of state-of-the-art analysis and statistical and machine-learning modelling techniques were tested. Predictive modelling techniques based on generalized boosted model (GBM), bagged multivariate adaptive regression splines (B-MARS), generalized additive model (GAM), and Bayesian regularized neural networks (BRNN) showed the best performance for predicting Ψ_pd, with an average determination coefficient (R²) ranging between 0.78 and 0.80 and RMSE varying between 0.11 and 0.12 MPa. When cultivar Touriga Nacional was used for training the models and the cultivars Touriga Franca and Tinta Barroca for testing (independent validation), the models performance was good, particularly for GBM (R² = 0.85; RMSE = 0.09 MPa). Additionally, the comparison of Ψ_pd observed and predicted showed an equitable dispersion of data from the various cultivars. The results achieved show a good potential of these predictive models based on vegetation indices to support irrigation scheduling in vineyard.     

Diversity patterns in macrobenthos across a continental slope in the NE Atlantic

Different estimates were used to assess the diversity of the total macrofauna and its major taxonomic groups separately from a broad bathymetric range at a site in the NE Atlantic. In the Goban Spur region, a transect was sampled from the shelf to the abyssal plain over a depth range from 200 to 4500 m and in the Porcupine Sea Bight two stations were sampled (at 3670 m and 4115 m). Species diversity (the number of species per number of individuals) increased with increasing water depth, both when expressed as Hurlbert's E(S_n) and as Shannon's H′log e. The expected number of species in a 100-individual sample E(S₁₀₀) of total macrofauna increased from 30 on the shelf to 68 on the abyssal plain. Evenness (the proportional abundance of species), estimated with Shannon's J′, also increased with water depth from 0.66 to 0.91, whereas dominance (Simpson's D) decreased from 0.09 to 0.01. Species richness (the number of species per unit of area), however, showed a parabolic pattern with a peak at the upper slope. The largest number of species was found at the slope station at 1425 m (232 species within 0.66 m²). It is argued that species richness is not a synonym of species diversity, but that species richness depends both on species density (which decreases with increasing water depth) and on species diversity. Across the whole bathymetric range (200 to 4500 m) a total of 696 species within 8327 specimens in a total sampled area of 4.12 m² were counted, yielding mean values of 12 individuals per species and 169 species per m². Different communities were found to exist on the shelf, slope and abyss. It is suggested that this could have been caused by different selection processes. Differences in life-history strategies and organic-matter supply could (at least partly) explain the different community structures and diversity patterns found along the depth gradient.     

海上油气化探沉积物样品测试技术

介绍了国内海上油气化探沉积物样品中烃类指标的检测技术现状,涉及样品的采集、轻烃和重烃的检测技术以及现场分析测试技术。分析了目前所存在的主要问题,并探讨了今后海上油气化探沉积物样品中烃类指标检测技术的发展方向。     

基于SEVI的复杂地形山区植被FPAR遥感反演与地形效应评估

植物吸收性光合有效辐射分量（FPAR）的遥感反演是生态环境领域的核心研究内容之一,但在复杂地形山区,其估算精度严重受到地形效应的影响（包括本影与落影）。本文利用能够消除地形阴影影响的阴影消除植被指数（SEVI）对山区遥感影像进行FPAR反演,并分别与基于不同影像预处理程度计算的归一化植被指数（NDVI）、比值型植被指数（RVI）反演的FPAR做对比分析,以评估复杂山区反演FPAR存在的地形效应。结果表明：在不做地形校正的情况下,基于NDVI与RVI反演FPAR会使得本影及落影区域的值远小于非阴影区域的值,它们的相对误差均大于70%;基于C校正后的NDVI与RVI反演FPAR可以较好地校正本影区域,相对误差降至约6.974%,但落影处的校正效果不明显,相对误差约为48.133 %;而基于SEVI反演FPAR无需DEM数据的支持,可以达到经FLAASH+C组合校正后NDVI与RVI反演FPAR相似的结果,且能改善落影区域的地形校正效果,相对误差降至约2.730%。