Influence of resonances on the phase and the group refractive indices of air

The Barrell and Sears and Edlen formulae use the Sellmeier form away from resonances, which gives a “smooth” dependence within the visible and near-infrared spectra. All known atlases indicate numerous resonances in these regions, which cause local disturbance of the dispersion curve. Anomalous dispersion may be estimated from an absorption by the Kramer-Kronig ratios. It gives a change of phase refractive index of air in a range from several ppt to 1 ppb within narrow optical regions, causing large local dispersions. Computation of the group refractive index with the use of Rayleigh's ratio shows that the influence of resonance effects may be more than several ppm. For example, the error of the group refractive index for high-precision EDM using HeNe lasers (633 nm) varies between 0.2 and 0.7 ppm, depending on the laser stability. Received: 17 July 1996 / Accepted: 27 March 1997     

Two Approaches for Determining Extreme Years of Global Atmospheric Temperature

Two different groups of indices have been defined to analyze the evolution of global temperature between 1958 and 1998. All the indices were evaluated at three different levels (850, 500 and 200 hPa), and averaged indices were calculated using the whole globe, continental areas and oceanic areas. The first group of indices analyzes the area of the world covered with higher and lower than normal temperatures, detecting a slight cooling in the 200 hPa level. The second group of indices studies the annual frequency of extreme events, and again, it is at 200 hPa where the most intense variation is detected. Finally, an analysis is performed to determine the regions most sensible to variations in the occurrence of extreme events. Tropical areas are mostly responsible of the variations detected in the second group of indices.     

桂林10月暴雨的分析和预报

利用历史天气图资料,统计1960～2002年共42a桂林市10月暴雨天气过程,分析其影响天气系统环流特征及演变规律,分类建立预报模式指标,为10月暴雨实时预报业务提供一些参考。     

A simplified method of constructing fragility curves for highway bridges

Fragility curves are found to be useful tools for predicting the extent of probable damage. They show the probability of highway structure damage as a function of strong motion parameters, and they allow the estimation of a level of damage probability for a known ground motion index. In this study, an analytical approach was adopted to develop the fragility curves for highway bridges based on numerical simulation. Four typical RC bridge piers and two RC bridge structures were considered, of which one was a non‐isolated system and the other was an isolated system, and they were designed according to the seismic design code in Japan. From a total of 250 strong motion records, selected from Japan, the United States, and Taiwan, non‐linear time history analyses were performed, and the damage indices for the bridge structures were obtained. Using the damage indices and ground motion parameters, fragility curves for the four bridge piers and the two bridge structures were constructed assuming a lognormal distribution. It was found that there was a significant effect on the fragility curves due to the variation of structural parameters. The relationship between the fragility curve parameters and the over‐strength ratio of the structures was also obtained by performing a linear regression analysis. It was observed that the fragility curve parameters showed a strong correlation with the over‐strength ratio of the structures. Based on the observed correlation between the fragility curve parameters and the over‐strength ratio of the structures, a simplified method was developed to construct the fragility curves for highway bridges using 30 non‐isolated bridge models. The simplified method may be a very useful tool to construct the fragility curves for non‐isolated highway bridges in Japan, which fall within the same group and have similar characteristics. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

近断层地震动作用下钢筋混凝土桥墩的抗震性能

通过对满足规范延性要求的12根典型钢筋混凝土桥墩试件的线性和非线性地震反应分析，指出在近断层地震动作用下满足延性需求与延性能力比小于1.0的桥墩仍可能发生严重破坏和倒塌，若考虑桥墩的地震损伤性能，允许的延性需求与延性能力比不宜超过0.6-0.8。讨论了桥墩延性抗震设计中强度折减系数Rμ和设计基底剪力系数BSC取值问题。     

成都市多目标地球化学调查新增分析元素的特征

从成都平原多目标地球化学调查和深度、粒度试验的新增分析元素的含量特征、地球化学特征、相关关系及不同土壤中的含量,对各元素的地球化学特征进行探讨.C、Se、S、N、Cl 属浅层富集元素, Sc、Tl、Ge、I、Cs、Ta、Hf、稀土元素,特别是重稀土为深层富集元素.     

旱涝指数的研究

提出了一种新的区域旱涝指数及其旱涝标准的划分方法，并运用该指数对近50a（1951－2000年）来华北地区夏季旱涝进行了分析，通过与其他旱涝指数的比较分析，发现该指数能较合适地反映区域旱涝的程度和范围，且划分旱涝的标准较客观，具有一定的普适性。     

Enviromental genotoxicity evaluation: Bayesian approach for a mixture statistical model

 The data analyzed in this paper are part of the results described in Bueno et al. (2000). Three cytogenetics endpoints were analyzed in three populations of a species of wild rodent – Akodon montensis – living in an industrial, an agricultural, and a preservation area at the Itajaí Valley, State of Santa Catarina, Brazil. The polychromatic/normochromatic ratio, the mitotic index, and the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocites were used in an attempt to establish a genotoxic profile of each area. It was assumed that the three populations were in the same conditions with respect to the influence of confounding factors such as animal age, health, nutrition status, presence of pathogens, and intra- and inter-populational genetic variability. Therefore, any differences found in the endpoints analyzed could be attributed to the external agents present in each area. The statistical models used in this paper are mixtures of negative-binomials and Poisson variables. The Poisson variables are used as approximations of binomials for rare events. The mixing distributions are beta densities. The statistical analyzes are under the bayesian perspective, as opposed to the frequentist ones often considered in the literature, as for instance in Bueno et al. (2000).     

天山地区地貌系统的自仿射分形与多重分形特征研究

利用标准偏差法和固定质量法，研究了新疆天山地区跨越多个不同构造地貌单元的两条地形剖线的自仿射分形和多重分形特征。结果表明：在所研究的标度范围内，两条剖线均表现出了不同特征的多度域分形性质，多重分形谱Dq的形态和值域范围也呈现出不同特征研究认为，地貌形态并不是完全随机的，而是一种确定性随机，不同标度区间的分维值表征了内外营力作用的方式，强度和空间尺度，同时提出地貌宏观与微观作用尺度的分界点在5km左右。这些结果对地貌动力学定量研究具有重要意义。     

Evaluation of approaches for forest cover estimation in the Pacific Northwest, USA, using remote sensing

The transformation of land cover, in particular coniferous forest, constitutes one of the most notable agents of regional-to-global-scale environmental change. Remote sensing provides an excellent opportunity for providing forest cover information at appropriate spatial and temporal scales. The optimal exploitation of remote sensing relies on the link between known forest cover and the remotely sensed dataset. This paper explores the accuracy of three methods – vegetation indices, regression analysis and neural networks – for estimating coniferous forest cover across the United States Pacific Northwest. All methods achieved a similar accuracy of forest cover estimation. However, in view of the benefits and limitations of each, the neural network approach is recommended for future consideration.