冈底斯晚第三纪斑岩的岩石学、地球化学及其地球动力学意义

西藏高原冈底斯中新世(21～12Ma)侵位于冈底斯花岗岩岩基内。斑岩呈东西向断续带状展布(350km)，南北向串珠排布(宽约50km)，明显受NS裂谷和正断层控制。斑岩的主要岩石类型为花岗闪长斑岩、二长花岗斑岩、石英二长斑岩。斑岩高SiO2、Al2O3、K2O和低Y和HREE(Yb)含量；富集轻稀土元素(LREE)和大离子亲石元素(ULE)，尤其富集Sr和K；缺乏Eu异常和／或具弱正异常；普遍具有较高的Sr／Y、(La／Yb)。比值及较低的Y／Yh比值。斑岩显示出明显的adakite地球化学特征，明显不同于冈底斯花岗岩基。对冈底斯岩带的构造-岩浆-热事件序列的综合分析揭示，斑岩是滞留在地幔的洋壳残片在花岗岩基大幅快速隆升后部分熔融的产物，熔融残余相为石榴石 角闪石 单斜辉石 含钛矿物组合，熔体在上升过程中与上覆交代地幔楔发生作用，使岩浆的K含量和Mg^#明显增高。高密度的熔融残留体榴辉岩或角闪榴辉岩沉入下伏地幔或软流圈，这可能导致了冈底斯岩带在20～14Ma期间的隆升。冈底斯中新世斑岩的时空分布厘定了西藏高原冈底斯带EW向伸展的初始时间大约在20Ma左右。高永丰等：冈底斯晚第三纪斑岩的岩石学、地球化学及其地球动力学意义     

中国地壳、上地幔精细结构和大陆动力学研究的序幕——从1958年柴达木沉积盆地深部地震反射探测看半个世纪来该科学领域的发展导向和启迪

喜马拉雅山系的崛起、青藏高原的隆升以及与成山、成岩、成盆、成矿和成灾相关的深层过程是东亚乃至全球地球动力学研究中最为重要的科学事件.1958年始在柴达木盆地的地震反射探测与地壳、上地幔精细结构和大陆动力学研究开启了青藏高原地球内部研究的先河,半个世纪以来它影响并引导着我国这一科学领域的发展和前进.本文为纪念地壳与上地幔精细结构和大陆动力学在中国的诞生而作.柴达木盆地壳、幔精细结构地震反射探测结果表明:柴达木盆地的沉积层巨厚可达15~19 km,且存在着迴折波和不同类型与路径的多次波.地壳厚达50~52 km,且存在着高速梯度夹层和低速层.Moho界带为由高、低速相间的薄层束组构,且上地幔顶部纵波速度为8.1 km/s.从这一基点出发,对包括柴达木盆地在内的青藏高原地球深部与地球动力学研究中的几个科学问题进行了思考!为今后青藏高原地球物理深化研究的内涵和布局提出了初步的见解.     

部分熔融岩石流变学

本文系统地总结了静态与动态条件下部分熔融岩石中熔体的形态及其分布特征,着重阐述部分熔融对橄榄岩和花岗岩流变学性质的影响.众所周知,部分熔融不仅是造成地球的成分演化、形成层圈构造的重要过程,而且对深部地壳和上地幔的物理性质(如,电导率、滞弹性、剪切波速度和渗透性等)皆具有重要的影响.尤其是,部分熔融岩石流变性的研究对于深...     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987113001151

Magma mixing process is unusual in the petrogenesis of felsic rocks associated with alkaline complex worldwide. Here we present a rare example of magma mixing in syenite from the Yelagiri Alkaline Comp...     

Grain to outcrop-scale frozen moments of dynamic magma mixJing in the syenite magma chamber,Yelagiri Alkaline Complex,South India

Magma mixing process is unusual in the petrogenesis of felsic rocks associated with alkaline complex worldwide. Here we present a rare example of magma mixing in syenite from the Yelagiri Alkaline Complex, South India. Yelagiri syenite is a reversely zoned massif with shoshonitic (Na₂O + K₂O=5–10 wt.%, Na₂O/K₂O = 0.5–2, TiO₂ <0.7 wt.%) and metaluminous character. Systematic modal variation of plagioclase (An_11–16 Ab_82–88), K-feldspar (Or_27–95 Ab_5–61), diopside (En_34–40Fs_11–18Wo_46–49), biotite, and Ca-amphibole (edenite) build up three syenite facies within it and imply the role of in-situ fractional crystallization (FC). Evidences such as (1) disequilibrium micro-textures in feldspars, (2) microgranular mafic enclaves (MME) and (3) synplutonic dykes signify mixing of shoshonitic mafic magma (MgO = 4–5 wt.%, SiO₂ = 54–59 wt.%, K₂O/Na₂O = 0.4–0.9) with syenite. Molecular-scale mixing of mafic magma resulted disequilibrium growth of feldspars in syenite. Physical entity of mafic magma preserved as MME due to high thermal-rheological contrast with syenite magma show various hybridization through chemical exchange, mechanical dilution enhanced by chaotic advection and phenocryst migration. In synplutonic dykes, disaggregation and mixing of mafic magma was confined within the conduit of injection. Major-oxides mass balance test quantified that approximately 0.6 portions of mafic magma had interacted with most evolved syenite magma and generated most hybridized MME and dyke samples. It is unique that all the rock types (syenite, MME and synplutonic dykes) share similar shoshonitic and metaluminous character; mineral chemistry, REE content, coherent geochemical variation in Harker diagram suggest that mixing of magma between similar composition. Outcrop-scale features of crystal accumulation and flow fabrics also significant along with MME and synplutonic dykes in syenite suggesting that Yelagiri syenite magma chamber had evolved through multiple physical processes like convection, shear flow, crystal accumulation and magma mixing.     

Anomalous crustal and lithospheric mantle structure of southern part of the Vindhyan Basin and its geodynamic implications

Tectonically active Vindhyan intracratonic basin situated in central India, forms one of the largest Proterozoic sedimentary basins of the world. Possibility of hydrocarbon occurrences in thick sediments of the southern part of this basin, has led to surge in geological and geophysical investigations by various agencies. An attempt to synthesize such multiparametric data in an integrated manner, has provided a new understanding to the prevailing crustal configuration, thermal regime and nature of its geodynamic evolution. Apparently, this region has been subjected to sustained uplift, erosion and magmatism followed by crustal extension, rifting and subsidence due to episodic thermal interaction of the crust with the hot underlying mantle. Almost 5–6 km thick sedimentation took place in the deep faulted Jabera Basin, either directly over the Bijawar/Mahakoshal group of mafic rocks or high velocity-high density exhumed middle part of the crust. Detailed gravity observations indicate further extension of the basin probably beyond NSL rift in the south. A high heat flow of about 78 mW/m² has also been estimated for this basin, which is characterized by extremely high Moho temperatures (exceeding 1000 °C) and mantle heat flow (56 mW/m²) besides a very thin lithospheric lid of only about 50 km. Many areas of this terrain are thickly underplated by infused magmas and from some segments, granitic–gneissic upper crust has either been completely eroded or now only a thin veneer of such rocks exists due to sustained exhumation of deep seated rocks. A 5–8 km thick retrogressed metasomatized zone, with significantly reduced velocities, has also been identified around mid to lower crustal transition.     

A Preliminary study on deep geodynamic process of Xar Moron tectonic belt in eastern Central Asia Orogenic BeltSCIEI北大核心CSCD

板块汇聚边缘的陆壳厚度变化与构造和岩浆过程的动态相互作用有着错综复杂的联系,也是对深部地球动力学背景的直接响应。西拉木伦构造带是中亚造山带东部重要的汇聚板块边界,查明其浅部构造变形及深部动力学过程对于理解中亚造山带构造演化具有重要意义。本文通过野外地质工作查明晚二叠世-早三叠世西拉木伦构造带的上地壳发育一系列北东向、轴面向南东倾的宽缓褶皱以及向南东逆冲的断层,变形样式属于薄皮构造,显示出由北西向南东挤压的单向构造应力背景,平衡剖面恢复显示此时期构造变形造成地表~30%的缩短以及~4km的浅部地壳增厚。利用林西地区火成岩全岩La/Yb比值和锆石Eu/Eu*参数构建的年龄-地壳厚度曲线揭示,二叠纪早-中期地壳厚度从49km连续减薄到33km,反映此时期整体处于伸展环境。二叠纪晚期至三叠纪初期,地壳厚度增加了~15km,峰值厚度达~48km,这个迅速的地壳增厚过程可能是岩浆作用导致的地壳垂向增生和构造作用产生的造山带物质堆叠综合作用的结果。本文根据构造带同汇聚期岩浆岩面积和地壳厚度估算造山作用形成了~11%的新生陆壳。同时,两个时期的深部壳幔相互作用方式也有不同,二叠纪早期西拉木伦构造带火成岩锆石的εHf(t)值相对较高(6.1~19.9;均值10.1),δ^(18 )O值较分散(5.1‰~8.3‰),指示岩浆在形成过程中有幔源物质的加入,示踪了林西地区深部与软流圈上涌有关的伸展过程;而晚二叠世至三叠纪初期花岗岩锆石εHf(t)值相对下降(-1.1~17.2;均值9.3),δ^(18 )O值仍高于幔源值(>5.9‰),揭示同源地幔岩浆的持续重融改造过程。综合沉积环境、地壳厚度变化、岩浆岩同位素变化、地壳增生量及地表单向构造应力背景等特征,本文提出西拉木伦构造带可能经历了地幔俯冲;而早-中二叠世的软流圈上涌和晚二叠世-早三叠世的下地壳及岩石圈地幔密度增大,可能是发生地幔俯冲的深部地球动力学原因。     

The age of the oceanic accretionary wedge and onset of continental collision in the Sicilian Maghrebian Chain

New biostratigraphic data from the formations unconformably lying above the tectonic units resulting from the Flysch Basin Domain (FBD) in the Sicilian Maghrebids are here reported. The FBD constituted a southern branch of the western Tethys, separating during the Jurassic to Paleogene a Mesomediterranean Microplate from the African Plate.

The age of the youngest sediments involved in the nappes and that of the unconformable terrains deposited in thrust-top basins on these tectonic units, allow to define both the age of deformation of the oceanic realm and the onset of the continental collision. The deformation migrated from internal to external areas of FBD starting from the latest Burdigalian-Langhian to Serravallian. Therefore, the previously proposed Eocene-Oligocene mesoalpine deformation of the Maghrebian FBD cannot be supported. The continental collision started during the Serravallian and it was accomplished in the late Tortonian, when clastic deposits sealed the boundaries of the tectonic units originated from all the paleogeographic domains of the Maghrebian Chain.

The steps of the tectonic evolution in the Sicilian Maghrebids are now very well constrained and the proposed tectonic evolution may be extended to the whole Maghrebian Chain, as far as to the western Betic Cordilleras and to the southern Apennines, where most of the tectonic events show highly similar features and ages.     

Kinematics and dynamics of the Namche Barwa Syntaxis, eastern Himalaya: Constraints from deformation, fabrics and geochronology

Field observations, deformation and fabric analyses, and precise age data acquired by zircon SHRIMP, LA-ICP-MS U-Pb and ⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar dating methods have yielded new constraints on the kinematics and dynamics of the Namche Barwa Syntaxis (NBS) which is the eastern corner of the Himalaya. A two-stage model has been established to explain the formation and evolution of the NBS. The northward indentation of the Indian plate beneath the Lhasa terrane began at 55-40 Ma, and crustal materials at this corner were subducted to depths > 70 km where they experienced HP (UHP?) metamorphism. Since 40 Ma, large-scale, right-lateral strike-slip along the Sagaing fault has accommodated the rapid northward movement of the eastern Indian plate corner with respect to the Indochina block. This caused significant and progressive bending of the Indus-Yarlung suture zone (IYSZ) such that it became the Dongjiu-Milin left-lateral, strike-slip, shear zone (DMSZ) in the west and the Aniqiao-Motuo right-lateral, strike-slip, shear zone (AMSZ) in the east. Both zones underwent strong mylonitization. Meanwhile, the HP (UHP?) metamorphic rocks were rapidly exhumed, first into the deep crust at 22-18 Ma and then to the shallow crust to form an antiformal dome at 6-2 Ma. Our model provides new insight into the processes of post-collisional crustal thickening related to the formation of the Himalayan orogenic belt.     

岩石层物理与动力学研究的进展

以当代国内外岩石层物理与动力学研究的主要成就和最新动向为背景,对该学科领域的发展方向、目标和问题进行了综合研究,突出地讨论了以下四个方面:(1)当代岩石层物理与动力学发展的主导趋势和总特点;(2)岩石层物理与动力学研究的现状和趋势;(3)中国岩石层与动力学研究在全球范围内的战略地位和在发展进程中的作用;(4)中国在岩石层物理和动力学发展中的方向,目标和问题.岩石层物理与动力学研究在地球科学发展中是十分关键的领域.21世纪将是地球科学的世纪,它必将会对人类生存,科技进步和社会经济发展作出重大贡献!