Lithospheric stress in Mongolia,from earthquake source data

Lithospheric stress in Mongolia has been studied using mechanisms of 84 M_(LH)≥ 4 earthquakes that occurred in the 20 th century and instrumental seismic moments of 17,375 M_(LH)≥2.5 events recorded between 1970 and 2000.The M_(LH)≥ 3.5 earthquakes mostly have strike-slip mechanisms in southern and central Mongolia,with frequent reverse-slip motions in the west and normal slip in the north,especially,in the area of Lake Hovsgol.The principal stresses are,respectively,S_HS_vS_h in the center and in the south;high horizontal compression with S_HS_hS_v in the west;and a heterogeneous stress pattern with S_vS_HS_h in the north.According to seismic moments of M_(LH)=2.5 events,oblique slip generally predominates over the territory,at S_v≈S_HS_h,while frequent strike slip motions in the west record high horizontal compression(S_HS_vS_h).Earthquake mechanisms show the principal horizontal compression S_H to be directed W-E in the east,NE-SW in the central and Gobi-Altay regions,and approximately N-S in the west of Mongolia.The patterns of principal lithospheric stresses in the territory of Mongolia have undergone three events of dramatic change for a few recent decades,and these events were synchronous with three similar events in the Baikal rift system(BRS):in the latest 1960 s,latest 1970 s to earliest 1980 s,and in the latest 1980 s to earliest 1990 s.The seismicity of Mongolia has been controlled by superposition of variable stresses associated with rifting activity pulses in the neighbor BRS on the background of quasi-stationary super-regional compression.     

Mid-Miocene thermal impact on the lithosphere by sub-lithospheric convective mantle material: Transition from high- to moderate-Mg magmatism beneath Vitim Plateau,Siberia

High-Mg lavas are characteristic of the mid-Miocene volcanism in Inner Asia.In the Vitim Plateau,small volume high-Mg volcanics erupted at 16-14 Ma.and were followed with voluminous moderate-Mg lavas at 14-13 Ma.In the former unit,we have recorded a sequence of(1) initial basaltic melts,contaminated by crustal material,(2) uncontaminated high-Mg basanites and basalts of transitional(K-Na-K) compositions,and(3) picrobasalts and basalts of K series;in the latter unit a sequence of(1) initial basalts and basaltic andesites of transitional(Na-K-Na) compositions and(2) basalts and trachybasalts of K-Na series.From pressure estimation,we infer that the high-Mg melts were derived from the sublithospheric mantle as deep as 150 km,unlike the moderate-Mg melts that were produced at the shallow mantle.The 14-13 Ma rock sequence shows that initial melts equilibrated in a garnet-free mantle source with subsequently reduced degree of melting garnet-bearing material.No melting of relatively depleted lithospheric material,evidenced by mantle xenoliths,was involved in melting,however.We suggest that the studied transition from high-to moderate-Mg magmatism was due to the mid-Miocene thermal impact on the lithosphere by hot sub-lithospheric mantle material from the Transbaikalian low-velocity(melting) domain that had a potential temperature as high as 1510℃.This thermal impact triggered rifting in the lithosphere of the Baikal Rift Zone.     

蒙古-贝加尔地区上地幔小尺度对流及 地球动力学意义

上地幔小尺度对流是控制区域地球动力学过程的主要机制之一,蒙古-贝加尔地区的一些区域动力学过程被认为与上地幔小尺度对流相关.本文目的在于利用重力资料研究蒙古-贝加尔地区的上地幔小尺度对流,并探讨其与构造动力学的关系.基于区域均衡重力异常与上地幔小尺度对流的相关方程,本文利用区域均衡重力异常资料反演了蒙古-贝加尔地区上地幔小尺度对流流场及作用于岩石层底部的应力场.结果显示,蒙古-贝加尔地区地幔流场及对流应力场呈现非常复杂的图像,流场及应力场分布与地表构造具有很好的相关性.西伯利亚地台和蒙古褶皱带下地幔流场和对流应力场均较弱,这与这些地区现今较弱的构造活动性是一致的.贝加尔裂谷区下存在地幔上升流,对流应力场呈拉张状态,但应力场的幅值较小(约8 MPa),表明地幔对流不是贝加尔裂谷开裂的主要控制因素.Hangay高原、阿尔泰和戈壁-阿尔泰下存在地幔上升流,对流应力场为拉张状态,这一方面可能构成Hangay高原隆升的深部动力机制,另一方面,也为Amurian板块西边界划分提供了动力背景.     

Slab dehydration and basalt petrogenesis in subduction systems involving very young oceanic lithosphere

Compositions of post-Miocene basalts erupted in the Garibaldi and Central America volcanic arcs exhibit significant correlations with the age of the subducted plate. In general, SiO₂, Al₂O₃, CaO, V, and (Sr/P)_N decrease and FeO, MgO, TiO₂ and Na₂O increase as the age of the subducted plate decreases. Variations in CaO/Al₂O₃, SiO₂, (Sr/P)_N, and Ba are compatible with lesser slab input, and hence less hydrous melting conditions in the mantle wedge in segments of the arcs overlying the youngest oceanic lithosphere. This interpretation is supported by comparison with peridotite melting experiments, which suggest higher melt pressures and temperatures in the mantle wedge above very young oceanic lithosphere. These observations point to a model in which dehydration of the downgoing slab occurs at shallow depths in subduction systems involving oceanic lithosphere younger than about 20 Ma. Because young oceanic lithosphere is relatively warm, little post-subduction heating is required to produce metamorphic reactions that release slab volatiles. Geodynamic models indicate most volatile-liberating reactions will occur within the seismogenic zone in oceanic lithosphere younger than 20 Ma, thus limiting the volatile flux beneath the arc and encouraging drier, higher temperature and higher pressure melting conditions in the mantle wedge in comparison to typical arc systems. Liberation of volatiles in the downgoing plate is strongly dependant on the shear stress on the fault, but is predicted to occur within the seismogenic zone for shear stresses greater than 33 MPa. Similarly, early loss of volatiles is predicted over a wide range of convergence rates, plate dips, and convergence angles. These results are shown to be robust for realistic ranges of slab dip, convergence angle, and shear stress, suggesting that volatile-poor melt generation is a characteristic of modern and ancient arc systems that involve subduction of young oceanic lithosphere.     

北祁连山东段银硐粱早古生代高镁埃达克岩：地球动力学及成矿意义

银硐粱早古生代花岗闪长岩分布在北祁连造山带东段屈吴山地区,侵入于原阴沟群和前寒武纪变质岩系中。它与米家山、扁强沟、清凹山以及南华山花岗岩类共同构成长约220千米的构造—花岗岩带,沿 NW-NWW 向展布。地球化学研究结果表明,银硐粱花岗闪长岩具有典型的高镁埃达克岩的地球化学特征,它们具有富 Na 贫 K,SiO_2>56%,Al_2O_3>15%,Na_2O>4.0%(4.51%～4.92%),K_2O(1.96～2.77%),Na_2O/K_2O=1.63～2.40,属钙碱性侵入岩;高 Sr(599～691×10~(-6)),低 Y(6.3～8.1×10~(-6)),Sr/Y>40(81～94),Y/Yb>10(Yb<1.9×10~(-6)),La/Yh>20(22～45)以及相对于典型的埃达克岩,具有更高的 Mg~#(58～64,平均59)和相容元素 Ni(31～38×10~(-6))和 Cr(35～43×10~(-6))含量;富集轻稀土元素(LREE),亏损重稀土元素(HREE),(La/Yb)_N>10(16～32),轻微负 Eu 异常(Eu/Eu*平均为0.94),∑REE(85～112)×10~(-6);微量元素蛛网图显示,岩石富集大离子亲石元素(Rb、Ba、Sr),Nb-Ta 和 Ti 负异常,相对于 Ce 和 Nd,Sr 为正异常。由于银硐粱高镁埃达克岩是俯冲洋壳部分熔融的产物,因此,它的存在表明,老虎山弧后洋盆在早古生代早期发生了向北的俯冲作用。银硐粱 Cu-Au 成矿作用与高镁埃达克岩关系密切,表明在北祁连构造带东段寻找与埃达克岩有关的 Cu-Au 矿床是一个新的找矿思路。     

内蒙古安家营子金矿与侵入岩的关系及其地球动力学意义

位于华北陆块北缘金矿成矿带的安家营子中型金矿属赤峰-朝阳金矿化集中区。金矿体主要赋存于安家营子花岗岩岩体内。区内广泛分布着与金矿化相伴生的流纹斑岩脉。与金矿化密切相关的安家营子花岗岩具有轻稀土富集、重稀土亏损、较低的^87Sr／^86Sr初始比值、Ba—Sr含量高等特点，暗示该花岗岩浆形成深度较大。这些特点与我国胶东地区与金矿有关花岗岩的特征非常相似，但区别于较早期的喀喇沁花岗岩和成矿后的流纹斑岩脉。锆石U—Pb年龄表明，安家营子花岗岩侵位时代为132—138Ma，而穿切矿体的流纹斑岩岩脉的成岩时代为124．9—126，5Ma，进而金矿成矿时代可以限定在126．132Ma。这一年龄结果与华北克拉通中生代动力学体制发生转折的时间相吻合。研究表明，早中生代前后华北东部曾发生了动力学机制的重大转折，如挤压向伸展转变和岩石圈的减薄达到高峰导致岩浆作用增强等。华北克拉通绝大多数金矿床集中形成于这一转折时期暗示成矿作用可能与深部作用过程有关，即早白垩世地慢物质-能量强烈上涌的同时，使金等威矿元素活化迁移至地壳层次，并在有利的构造部位富集成矿。     

板块俯冲带研究中的数值实验

板块构造是一个复杂的动力学体系,俯冲作为板块间相互作用中最重要的特征之一,长期以来通过各种手段并未完全得以认识。近10年来,俯冲带数值模型迅速发展,而2D/3D数值实验也取得许多新的认识:地幔柱顶托作用触发俯冲可能存在于行星演化早期;板片脱水形成的薄弱剪切带是导致现今俯冲样式为单向不对称俯冲的主要决定因素;俯冲增生岩浆的化学组成很大程度上取决于俯冲的发展过程,熔体抽离的强度和俯冲板片年龄共同影响新生地壳的体积。     

中国东部碱性花岗岩氢氧同位素特征及其地球动力学意义

对中国东部五个有代表性的碱性花岗岩体氢氧同位素研究表明,δ18O基本正常的苏州和福州碱性花岗岩D亏损分别受单阶段与连续岩浆去气作用的影响,后期大气降水的扰动相对较弱．D-18O同步亏损特征明显的碾子山和山海关碱性花岗岩则主要受岩浆期后大气降水高温亚固态同位素交换机理的制约青岛复式花岗岩基则较为复杂,可能受岩浆去气与晚期大气降水交换的联合作用．未明显受后期地质作用扰动、典型的中国东部碱性花岗岩浆氢氧同位素组成分别为δD＝（50±5）‰和δ18＝（7．5±1．0）‰这表明中国东部碱性花岗岩是由稳定同位素组成基本正常的内地壳或上地幔物质通过低程度部分熔融产生的,而不是由再循环亏损源区物质产生的低δ18O岩浆结晶分异形成的．中国东部碱性花岗岩总体上表现出的D亏损纬度效应,预示自中生代以来其所在板块位置未发生过大规模水平位移同时,碱性花岗岩与拉张环境之间的内在联系表明,至少在中生代中国东部大陆岩石圈地壳处于拉张减薄状态．     

Adaptability of the ocean and earth tidal models based on global observations of the superconducting gravimeters

As the gravity field is the most primary and direct physical quantity reflecting the density variation of the Earth’s interior and its geodynamic properties under various environmental changes and as the knowledge of the fine structure of the Earth’s interior and its geo-dynamics has a strong impact on space research, grav-ity observations become more and more important in Earth sciences. Therefore based on a global network of superconducting gravimeters (SGs), the Global Geo-dynamic Proje…     

Carrara大理岩高温高压变形实验研究

利用高精度的Paterson高温高压流变仪对Carrara大理岩在高温(873~1173K)高压(~300MPa)以及约10-6~10-3s-1应变速率下进行了三轴压缩变形实验。结果表明,在等应变速率条件下,其强度随着温度的升高而降低;在等温和等压条件下,其强度随着应变速率的增加先快速增加而后缓慢增加。在应变速率对差应力的双对数投图中,我们发现随着温度的升高拟合直线的斜率减小,并且在873K和高应变速率时973K温度下Carrara大理岩的流变本构方程服从指数律变化关系;而在高温(1073K和1173K)和973K低应变速率条件下Carrara大理岩的应力指数n为5.3~7.7,且服从幂次律变化关系。因此,Carrara大理岩在本研究的实验条件下主要有两种变形机制,一种是用指数律表示的高应力变形机制;另一种是用幂次律表示的中等应力变形机制。