复式河道滩槽交互区水沙运动机理

滩槽复式河道是冲积河流中最为常见的一种形态,也是河流动力学研究最为重要的内容之一。以复式河道概化试验数据和水沙运动的区域性特征为依据,在提出滩槽复式断面主槽平衡区、滩槽交互区、滩地平衡区以及边壁区4个分区的基础上,将水流流态最为复杂的滩槽交互区进一步划分为对数流速区（内区）和非对数流速区（外区）,通过引入描写动植物生长过程的S型曲线,提出了内外区分界线的确定方法。以滩槽交互区横向分布公式为基础,通过线性假定和积分变换,给出了滩槽交互区内断面平均流速和含沙量的计算公式,并对不同分区内的流速和含沙量的差异性进行了比较分析。     

安徽淮北平原浅层地下水水质特征分析

以安徽淮北平原浅层地下水中的水质状况为研究对象,有针对性地采集了浅层地下水水样151个,应用多种方法测试了26种水样指标。综合分析结果表明:安徽淮北平原浅层地下水色度、浊度超标率小于10%;pH均值为7.6,为中性偏碱性水;HCO3—Na.Ca、HCO3—Na、SO4—Na、HCO3.SO4—Na.Mg等4种水化学类型占62.9%;硬度和TDS均值分别为481mg/L,641mg/L;Fe、Mn超标率分别为50.8%,46.9%;F-均值为1.4mg/L,低洼地势含氟矿物的溶解是导致F-局部偏高的主要原因,最高可达4.1mg/L;CODMn变化范围为1.0～3.5mg/L,有机污染程度低;三氮浓度随深度的增加而减少,农药化肥的过量使用是导致NO3--N和NH4+-N超标的主要原因,NO2--N超标19.1%,且与Fe2+浓度呈正相关关系(相关系数为0.933)。主成分分析发现,地下水的交换吸附作用、溶滤作用,原始沉积环境以及农业生产活动是影响其水质的主要因素。     

Soft‐sediment deformation structures in Cretaceous non‐marine deposits of southeastern Gyeongsang Basin,Korea: Occurrences and origin

A variety of soft‐sediment deformation structures formed during or shortly after deposition occurs in the Cretaceous Seongpori and Dadaepo Formations of the southeastern Gyeongsang Basin exposed along coastal areas of southeastern Korean Peninsula for 0.5–2 km. These are mostly present in a fluvial plain facies, with interbedded lacustrine deposits. In this study, the features of different kinds of soft‐sediment deformation structures have been interpreted on the basis of sedimentology of structure‐bearing deposits, comparison with normal sedimentary structures, timing and mechanism of deformation, and triggering mechanisms. The soft‐sediment deformation structures can be classified into four morphological groups: (i) load structures (load casts, ball‐and‐pillow structures); (ii) soft‐sediment intrusive structures (dish‐and‐pillars, clastic dykes, sills); (iii) ductile disturbed structures (convolute folds, slump structures); and (iv) brittle deformation structures (syndepositional faulting, dislocated breccia). The most probable triggering mechanisms resulting in these structures were seismic shocks. These interpretations are based on the following field observations: (i) location of the study area within tectonically active fault zone reactivated several times during the Cretaceous; (ii) deformation structures confined to single stratigraphic levels; (iii) lateral continuity and occurrences of various soft‐sediment deformation structures in the deformed level over large areas; (iv) absence of depositional slope to indicate gravity sliding or slumping; and (v) similarity to the structures produced experimentally. The soft‐sediment deformation structures in the study areas are thus interpreted to have been generated by seismic shocks with an estimated magnitude of M > 5, representing an intermittent record of the active tectonic and sedimentary processes during the development and evolution of two formations from the late Early Cretaceous to the Late Cretaceous.     

黑龙江省松嫩平原南部大气颗粒物地球化学特征及来源解析

研究采集了黑龙江松嫩平原南部28个夏季大气颗粒物样品,分析了不同粒径(TSP、PM10、PM2-5)样品中常量和微量元素含量,对元素浓度含量特征、元素间相关性和空间分布特征进行了分析,并使用富集系数法和因子分析法进行元素来源解析。研究表明：在PM10-100中富集的元素多在地壳中含量很高,重金属元素在PM2-5中高度富集,不同粒径大气颗粒物中各元素质量浓度整体水平为：大庆>绥化>哈尔滨>齐齐哈尔。富集因子分析表明：Fe、K、Ti、Mn、Co的富集因子小于1或非常接近1,Ca、Mg、Ni、Cr的富集因子大于1但仍小于10,Na、Zn、Cu、Cd、Pb、Se的富集因子大于10,表现出较为明显的人为来源特征。参照颗粒物不同源主要标识元素,对各元素进行主因子分析结果表明：松嫩平原南部大气可吸入颗粒物的主要来源是土壤扬尘,此外还有燃煤、垃圾焚烧、汽车尾气、碱尘大气传输、燃油和工业来源。     

淮北平原浅层地下水中铁和锰的空间差异性及影响因素

通过常规和地统计学分析,查明淮北平原浅层地下水中铁锰含量的空间差异性,得出变异函数图符合指数模型,二者都由结构性因素引起。对其空间分布特征进行分析表明,铁、锰在空间呈现相同的分布趋势,超标区主要分布在地势低洼地和低山丘陵区,其含量与岩土成分、地下水所处的氧化还原环境、地下水径流条件、酸碱性等有关。      

A micromorphological record of contemporary and relict pedogenic processes in soils of the Indo‐Gangetic Plains: implications for mineral weathering,provenance and climatic changes

Micromorphology has important application in earth surface process and landform studies particularly in alluvial settings such as the Indo‐Gangetic Plains (IGP) with different geomorphic surfaces to identify climatic changes and neotectonic events and their influence on pedogenesis. The soils of the IGP extending from arid upland in the west to per humid deltaic plains in the east developed on five geomorphic surfaces namely QIG1 to QIG5 originating during the last 13.5 ka. Four soil‐geomorphic systems across the entire IGP are identified as: (i) the western Yamuna Plains/Uplands, (ii) the Yamuna‐Ganga Interfluve, (iii) the Ganga‐Ghaghara Interfluve, and (iv) the Deltaic Plains. Thin section analysis of the soils across the four soil‐geomorphic systems provides a record of provenance, mineral weathering, pedogenic processes and polygenesis in IGP. The soils over major parts of the IGP dominantly contain muscovite and quartz and small fraction of highly altered feldspar derived from the Himalayas. However, soils in the western and eastern parts of the IGP contain large volumes of fresh to weakly altered plagioclase and smectitic clay derived from the Indian craton. The soils in western Yamuna Plains/Uplands dominated by QIG2–QIG3 geomorphic surfaces and pedogenic carbonate developed in semi‐arid climate prior to 5 ka. However, soils of the central part of the IGP in the Yamuna‐Ganga Interfluve and Ganga‐Ghaghara Interfluve regions with dominance of QIG4–QIG5 surfaces are polygenetic due to climate change over the last 13.5 ka. The clay pedofeatures formed during earlier wet phase (13.5–11 ka) show degradation, loss of preferred orientation, speckled appearance in contrast with the later phase of wet climate (6.5–4 ka). The soils over the deltaic plains with dominance of vertic features along with clay pedofeatures suggest that illuviation of fine clay is an important pedogenic process even in soils with shrink‐swell characteristics. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于多时相中分辨率时间过程特征的江汉平原棉花种植面积变化监测

棉花是中国重要的经济作物,快速、准确地提取棉花的种植面积和分布信息,对于优化棉花种植空间格局、科学指导棉花生产及提高其管理水平具有十分重要的意义。为了探讨多时相中高分辨率影像在棉花种植面积监测中的可行性,本文以江汉平原为研究区,根据棉花物候特征,选取2012年、2014年江汉平原棉花生长关键期的多时相HJ-1A/1B卫星数据,通过分析研究区棉花不同生育期的光谱特征和归一化植被指数（NDVI）时序变化特征,对分类影像进行阈值分割、掩膜处理,最后利用决策树算法提取研究区2012年、2014年棉花种植面积。通过计算混淆矩阵评价分类精度的方法和提取面积精度方法对棉花提取结果进行评价,总体精度达到95.96%,Kappa系数为0.93,以农业局统计数据为参考,2012年、2014年HJ数据提取的棉花种植面积精度分别达到了97.91%、91.27%。因此,在不受云和降水等因素的影响下,基于江汉平原区域关键时相HJ卫星CCD影像数据,可利用该方法进行棉花种植面积监测。     

周老镇钻孔砾石层重矿物特征及地质意义

利用江汉平原周老镇钻孔的岩心样品,分析研究了钻孔岩心沉积物10层砾石层中填充物的重矿物组分及分布特征。结果显示周老镇钻孔10个砾石层自下而上可以分为3个矿物段。对比3个阶段稳定重矿物、非稳定重矿物的变化特征:阶段Ⅰ、阶段Ⅱ,沉积物主要以近源物质为主,含有少量的远源物质;而阶段Ⅲ,沉积物主要以远源物质为主,含有少量的近源物质。结合周老镇钻孔岩性及钻孔砾石含量和江汉平原第四系岩相剖面特征,判断在阶段Ⅲ,深度112.30～109.05m(1.17～1.12MaB.P.)处,钻孔沉积环境发生了重大改变,江汉平原水系发生重要调整,长江三峡贯通形成。     

素混凝土桩在侯马高层住宅小区中的应用

在考虑工程地质条件和投资费用的前提下,介绍了素混凝土桩复合地基在侯马高层中的设计、施工工艺及处理效果,从而论证了素混凝土桩在侯马地区高层建筑地基处理中的可行性和实用性。