数学地质在矿山研究中的应用--判别分析归类矿体属性实例

数学地质方法为宏观地质研究提供了定量的可能。判别分析对研究未知属性矿体的归属有着重要的意义。苏州西部地区通安——潭山多金属成矿带中，小茅山铜铅锌矿段，潭山铅锌银铁矿段位于成矿带的两端，属性已知。该成矿带中有一未知属性的铜铅锌银迂里矿段，用判别分析方法对其归类。研究结果表明，未知属性的迂里矿段归属潭山多金属硫化物矿床类型，即高—中温多金属硫化物矿床类型。     

A size classification for debris flows

A 10-fold classification for debris flow size is proposed based on total volume, peak discharge and area inundated by debris. Size classes can be used for regional overview studies where detailed site investigations are either unnecessary, too costly or where the highest hazard and risk creeks need to be identified for further study. They are also useful to compare the regional impact between affected areas and the effects of rainstorms, and they allow lay-people to obtain an understanding of debris flow magnitude and consequences. Finally, different size classes allow the estimation of travel times to points of interest based on empirically derived equations. It is proposed that agencies concerned with debris flows should establish a documentation of debris flow size according to this classification, which serves as a data base for hazard and risk planning.     

Discussion on influence of cavern’s span on surrounding rock classification

The influence of cavern’s span on surrounding rock classification is getting more and more recognition along with large span underground working’s increasingly coming forth. The authors analyse the timbering expense of cavern in jointed rock mass, the radius of plastic loosened zone and the size effect of macroscopical mechanical parameters of rock mass. Based on the complexion of depressing of surrounding rock’s stability due to increment of cavern’s span, the authors pinpoint attaching importance to the influence of cavern’s span on surrounding rock classification; and suggest reckoning the factor of cavern’s span in surrounding rock classification scientifically by studying the size effect of rock mass’s physico-mechanical parameters.     

GIS支持下的小城镇土地定级--以福建省天宝镇区为例

小城镇土地定级是小城镇土地管理的基础性工作,以福建省天宝镇区土地定级为例,就地理信息系统技术在城镇土地定级中的应用进行了探讨。着重论述了GIS环境下土地定级基础图件库和基础属性数据库的建立、评价单元的生成、单元分值和单元总分值的计算及成果图的生成等属性数据和空间数据的处理过程。     

中国城市职能分类研究综述

城市职能分类的研究一直以来就是城市地理学研究的重要领域。在简要回顾中国城市职能分类研究的主要成果和观点的基础上，从研究的阶段性角度将城市职能分类分为研究初步展开、研究发展、研究逐步完善3个时期；并提出为适应新形势的发展，城市职能分类研究将在拓展研究对象、创新研究方法、完善数据指标体系、充分利用研究成果等方面得到完善和提高。     

Pixel‐oriented land use classification in energy balance modelling

Mass and energy transfer between soil, vegetation and atmosphere is the process that allows to maintain an adequate energy and water balance in the earth–atmosphere system. However, the evaluation of the energy balance components, such as the net radiation and the sensible and latent heat fluxes, is characterized by significant uncertainties related to both the dynamic nature of heat transfer processes and surfaces heterogeneity. Therefore, a detailed land use classification and an accurate evaluation of vegetation spatial distribution are required for an accurate estimation of these variables. For this purpose, in the present article, a pixel‐oriented supervised classification was applied to obtain land use maps of the Basilicata region in Southern Italy by processing three Landsat TM and ETM+ satellite images. An accuracy analysis based on the overall accuracy index and the agreement Khat of Cohen coefficient showed a good performance of the applied classification methodology and a good quality of the obtained maps. Subsequently, these maps were used in the application of a simplified two‐source energy balance model for estimating the actual evapotranspiration at a regional scale. The comparison between the simulations made by applying the simplified two‐source energy balance model and the measurements of evapotranspiration at a lysimetric station located in the study area showed the applicability and the validity of the proposed methodology. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Erodibility of low‐compaction steep‐sloped reclaimed surface mine lands in the southern Appalachian region,USA

The use of loose spoils on steep slopes for surface coal mining reclamation sites has been promoted by the US Department of Interior, Office of Surface Mining for the establishment of native forest, as prescribed by the Forest Reclamation Approach (FRA). Although low‐compaction spoils improve tree survival and growth, erodibility on steep slopes was suspected to increase. This study quantified a combined K_C factor (combining the effects of the soil erodibility K factor and cover management C) for low compaction, steep‐sloped (>20°) reclaimed mine lands in the Appalachian region, USA. The combined K_C factor was used because standard Unit Plot conditions required to separate these factors, per Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) experimental protocols, were not followed explicitly. Three active coal mining sites in the Appalachian region of East Tennessee, each containing four replicate field plots, were monitored for rainfall and sediment yields during a 14‐month period beginning June 2009. Average cumulative erosivity for the study sites during the monitoring period was measured as 5248.9 MJ·mm·ha^?1·h^?1. The K_C ranged between 0.001 and 0.05 t·ha·h·ha^?1·MJ^?1·mm^?1, with the highest values occurring immediately following reclamation site construction as rills developed (June – August 2009). The K_C for two study sites with about an 18–20 mm spoil D₈₄ were above 0.01 t·ha·h·ha^?1·MJ^?1·mm^?1 during rill development, and below 0.003 t·ha·h·ha^?1·MJ^?1·mm^?1 after August 2009 for the post‐rill development period. The K_C values for one site with a 40 mm spoil D₈₄ were never above 0.008 t·ha·h·ha^?1·MJ^?1·mm^?1 and also on average were lower, being more similar to the other two sites after the rill development period. Based on an initial K_C factor (K_e) measured during the first few storm events, the average C factor (C_e) was estimated as 0.58 for the rill development period and 0.13 for the post‐rill development period. It appears that larger size fractions of spoils influence K_C and C_e factors on low‐compaction steep slopes reclamation sites. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A global review of the impact of forest property rights interventions on poverty

Secure property rights are widely understood as critical for socio-economic development and sustainable land management in forested areas. Policies and programs, ranging from devolution of specific resource rights to formal land titling, have therefore been implemented to strengthen forest tenure and property rights in countries around the world. Despite the prevalence and importance of these efforts, however, systematic understanding of their effects on poverty remains lacking. We address this gap by systematically reviewing evidence on the impact of forest property rights interventions on poverty worldwide. We drew from a systematic map of evidence on forest-poverty links (Cheng et al., 2019) and used a population-intervention-comparator-outcome (PICO) framework to identify relevant studies. Our final dataset included 61 articles published from 2002 to 2016 comprising 91 case studies across 24 countries. Of these, only 11 articles (22 cases) used quasi-experimental methods to control for confounders. We find that almost all studied interventions (n = 88; 97%) focused on rights to access a forest area or withdraw resources from it. Relatively few studied interventions supported the more extensive property rights of exclusion (32%) and alienation (10%). Overall, reported impacts on both income/consumption and capital/assets dimensions of poverty were generally positive or mixed. Results from more robust quasi-experimental assessments showed greater variation, with case studies as likely to report negative as positive impacts on both poverty dimensions. We find tentative support for the economic theory that more secure property rights yield positive welfare effects. However, the paucity of evidence from more robust impact assessments constrains our ability to draw generalizable conclusions about the poverty impacts of different kinds of forest property rights interventions.     

基于决策树分类的大屯矿区地物信息提取及矿区污染分析

本文在对国内外遥感图像分类方法充分研究分析的基础上,选择决策树分类法对大屯矿区的Landsat 8遥感图像进行分类研究。选取样本提取并分析研究区典型地类光谱特征曲线,依据光谱曲线特征和归一化植被指数建立了土地利用分类决策树模型,通过反复试验和修正,筛选出适宜大屯矿区地物分类的决策树最优阈值,对研究区进行分类和精度评价,最后通过分类结果对研究区的水体污染状况进行简要分析。     

基于高分一号宽幅多光谱影像的鄱阳湖湿地分类研究

典型湿地类型分类对于湿地生态环境保护和生态环境建设具有重要意义。本研究以高分一号宽幅多光谱影像数据作为数据源,以鄱阳湖典型湿地作为研究对象,进行典型湿地类型分类。研究采用主成分分析、归一化植被指数、比值植被指数和归一化差异水体指数等方法对不同湿地类型进行光谱特征分析,结果表明:高分一号宽幅多光谱影像反演的归一化植被指数和归一化水体指数能够较好地区分水体、泥滩、挺水植物和湿生植物等常见湿地类型。通过归一化植被指数将湿地类型分为植被和非植被,归一化差异水体指数将植被类型进一步分为挺水植物和湿生植物,将非植被分为水体和泥滩。构建决策树对典型湿地类型进行自动分类,经过精度评价和分析验证,该方法针对高分一号宽幅数据进行典型湿地分类总体精度能够达到82.28%,Kappa系数0.7346,优于常规的监督分类和非监督分类。