吉林西部大安灌区土壤贮水能力空间变异特征及土壤水分有效性

为研究吉林西部土壤贮水能力的空间分布特征和水分有效性,以吉林西部大安灌区为研究对象,通过试验测定土壤贮水量及根系区土壤的水分特征曲线,并利用van Genuchten模型进行水分特征曲线拟合,结合经典统计和地统计分析方法分析土壤贮水量空间变异特征。结果表明:盐碱土和非盐碱土吸持贮水量、滞留贮水量和饱和贮水量的均值之间不存在显著性差异(P0.05),实际贮水量均值存在显著差异(P0.05);土壤实际贮水量呈现由西向东、由北向南逐渐升高的变化趋势,且南北方向的空间变异性均高于东西方向的空间变异性;轻度盐碱地、水田和旱田实际有效含水量分别占其最大有效含水量的78.94%、58.28%和56.62%,水分有效性较高,蔬菜地、高粱地、草甸土以及中度和重度盐碱土实际有效含水量占其最大有效含水量的20.83%27.13%,土壤水分有效性较小;水田、轻度和中度盐碱地的贮水和持水能力强,旱田和蔬菜地土壤贮水能力较强,持水能力中等,而重度盐碱地、高粱地、草甸土等土壤的持贮水能力较弱。研究结果对旱改水工程水资源管理和预防次生盐渍化有重要意义。     

Participation and resistance: Alternative seafood marketing in a neoliberalera

This paper suggests that detrimental effects of certain neoliberal fisheries policies are key drivers behind the development of alternative seafood marketing programs in North America. It examines the structures, market and non-market values, and challenges of these programs. The primary aim of the research, based on interviews involving 20 programs and a conference workshop, was to advance understanding of the market value of alternative seafood marketing to fishers and communities. However, the importance of a broader set of non-market values was repeatedly highlighted by those engaged in these programs. Overall, the research suggests that alternative seafood marketing can enable fishers to participate in fisheries managed by neoliberal, market-based policies, through the promotion of market values along their diverse value chains. At the same time, alternative seafood marketing appears to resist market-based fishing systems, sometimes through the promotion of broader, non-market outcomes. Common challenges along these alternative seafood value chains highlight the structural conflicts that exist while simultaneously participating in and resisting neoliberal fisheries structures.     

Methodology for estimating availability of cloud-free image composites: A case study for southern Canada

Image composites are often used for earth surface phenomena studies at regional or national level. The compromise between residual clouds and the length of compositing period is a necessary corollary to the choice of satellite optical data for monitoring earth surface phenomena dynamics. This paper introduced a methodology for estimating availability of cloud-free image composites for optical sensors with various revisiting intervals, using MODIS MOD06 L2 cloud fraction product in the period of 2000–2008. The methodology starts with downscaling of the cloud fraction product to 1 km × 1 km cloud cover binary images. The binary images are then used for the exploration of spatial and temporal characteristics of cloud dynamics, and subsequently for the simulation of cloud-free composite availability with various revisiting intervals of optical sensors. Using Canada's southern provinces as an application case, the study explored several factors important for the design of environmental monitoring system using optical sensors of earth observation, in particular, cloud dynamics and its inter-annual variability, sensors’ revisiting intervals, and cloud-free threshold for targeting composites. While the cloud images used in the analysis are at 1 km × 1 km resolution, our analysis suggests that the simulated availabilities of cloud-free image composites may also provide reasonable estimates for optical sensors with higher than 1 km × 1 km resolution, though the closer to 1 km × 1 km resolution the optical sensor, the more pertinent the application. Also, the methodology can be parameterised to different temporal period and different spatial region, depending on applications.     

我国农田土壤碳库演变研究:全球变化和国家粮食安全

《京都议定书》已于2005年生效,我国面临着CO2减排的巨大压力。分析了我国农业土壤有机碳库及其演变研究的现状,认为当前我国农业在耕地资源严重短缺、耕地地力趋于下降的背景下面临着2个巨大挑战：提高和稳定粮食生产能力与补偿日益增加的工业CO2排放。有机碳贫乏作为我国耕地土壤的基本特点,这一方面提供了我国较大的固碳空间,另一方面也体现了我国实施固碳农业的必要性和紧迫性。目前迫切需要了解我国农业土壤在最近20年来的碳库演变态势与规模,明确我国农业土壤的固碳潜力与容量,在国家层面上实施农业固碳稳产工程,以在农业可持续发展和争取国家CO2排放的较大配额上实现双嬴。      

华南暴雨试验期间香港风廓线雷达资料的评估

风廓线雷达资料无论对暴雨等中尺度现象还是对季风等大尺度现象的研究都很有科学价值。为有效地利用香港天文台提供的1998年华南暴雨和南海季风科学试验期间的风廓线资料，简要介绍了资料的性质和数据结构，并对资料的有效性进行了初步评估。给出了风廓线资料有效率随高度的分布及不同天气状况对资料有效率的影响。指出每10分钟一次的资料的有效率在相邻时次之间存在很大的差别，应使用多时次平均以增强其代表性。另外，通过了一致性检验的有效资料中仍可能存在少数代表性较差的资料。风廓线资料与探空资料对比发现两者所得的垂直风场精度相当。上述结果可作为应用风廓线雷达资料时的参考。     

Biomagnification in marine systems: the perspective of an ecologist

Biomagnification is the process where xenobiotic substances are transferred from food to an organism resulting in higher concentrations compared with the source. It is widely believed that this is a general phenomenon for marine food webs. An analysis of 148 papers with biomagnification in the title shows that under half show biomagnification. Of studies on metals only organic mercury shows biomagnification and most metals are regulated and excreted and do not biomagnify. Of the studies on organic compounds 67% claimed to show biomagnification. However, bioconcentration (uptake from the surrounding water) is the most usual way that organic compounds are accumulated in organisms from invertebrates to and including fish. Only in sea-birds and marine mammals is food intake the major route and where biomagnification can be clearly shown. Body concentrations of organic compounds vary with lipid content and thus in order to compare across species normalisation to uniform lipid content should be done. Yet often this is not done so data purporting to show biomagnification merely relate to differing lipid content in the different species studied. Finally suggestions are made as to how data can be collected to better interpret the process of biomagnification in marine food webs.     

模拟酸雨对土壤有效磷衰减的影响

采用pH3．0和pH4．5的2种模拟酸雨与对照pH6．0的雨水， 湿润培育加磷后的土壤（2种红壤和1种水稻土）。试验结果表明，土壤中的有效磷的衰减在快反应阶段呈直线下降，而在慢反应阶段缓慢下降。快反应阶段持续时间约3－6h，随模拟降雨的p H值不同而不同，pH值愈低，持续时间愈短。与对照相比，模拟酸雨对有效磷衰减产生较大影响，模拟酸雨pH值愈低，有效磷衰减得愈快，尤其在快反应阶段影响更为明显；在慢反应阶段，随着时间的延续，影响逐渐变小。模拟酸雨对有效磷衰减的影响因土壤类型不同而不同，表现为红壤大于水稻土。酸雨加快土 壤有效磷的衰减，其主要原因是酸雨作用导致活性铝的大量释放，增加了磷的活性吸附点位，从而增加了对磷酸根离子配位吸附。     

Causes of variation in crystal morphology in metamorphogenic pyrite deposits of the Cameros Basin (N Spain)

The low‐grade metasediments of the Cameros Basin, northern Spain, host a number of deposits of spectacular quality pyrite mineralization. These formed during regional metamorphism and the pyrite crystals exhibit a wide range of morphologies. On the basis of pyrite crystal habit, the deposits can be classified into two groups: Group I comprises deposits with cubic, elongated or platy crystals; Group II comprises deposits characterized by pyritohedra and cubo‐pyritohedra with striated faces, along with blocky crystals and fine‐grained aggregates. Group I deposits are formed in sequences dominated by meandriform fluviatile sediments, while Group II is hosted by deltaic plain and lacustrine metasediments. Temperature differences between deposits and As content are possible causes of the different pyrite morphologies in the deposits, but no significant variation exists between the two groups for either factor. Comparison with experimentally grown pyrite crystals suggests that Group I deposits have morphologies indicative of lower degrees of pyrite supersaturation than pyrite crystals in Group II deposits. The sedimentary facies hosting Group II deposits provides a greater availability of sedimentary sulphur (pyrite and sulphates). Moreover, reactions involving sulphate during metamorphism may have modified fluid chemistry, which would also act to produce higher degrees of pyrite saturation in fluids derived from the sulphate‐rich deltaic plain and lacustrine metasediments hosting the Group II deposits. This hypothesis is confirmed by sulphur isotope data on the pyrites, which show a larger component of³⁴S‐enriched sulphate‐derived sulphur in these deposits. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.