Estimation of fog deposition on epiphytic bryophytes in a subtropical montane forest ecosystem in northeastern Taiwan

The fog meteorology, fog chemistry and fog deposition on epiphytic bryophytes were investigated from July 2000 to June 2001 in the Yuanyang Lake forest ecosystem. The elevation of the site ranges from 1650 to 2420 m, at which the high frequency of fog occurrence throughout the year has been thought to be of benefit to the establishment of the primary Taiwan yellow cypress forest [Chamaecyparis obtusa var. formosana (Hayata) Rehder] and to the extensive growth of the epiphytic bryophytes. A weather station including a visibility sensor and an active fog collector was installed for fog meteorological and chemical study. The fog deposition rate on epiphytic bryophytes was estimated by measuring the increase rate in plant weight when exposed to fog. Average fog duration of 4.7 and 11.0 h per day was measured in summer months (June to August) and the rest of the year, respectively. November 2000 was the foggiest month in which the average fog duration reached 14.9 h per day. The ionic composition of fog water revealed that the area was less polluted than expected from literature data. The in situ exposure experiments done with the dominant epiphytic bryophytes showed an average fog deposition rate of 0.63 g H₂O g⁻¹ d. w. h⁻¹, which approximated 0.17 mm h⁻¹ at the stand scale. The nutrient fluxes estimated for February 2001 showed that for all ions, more than 50% of the ecosystem input was through fog deposition. These results demonstrate the importance of epiphytic bryophytes and fog deposition in nutrient cycling of this subtropical montane forest ecosystem. The incorporation of fog study in the long-term ecosystem research projects is necessary in this area.     

A simple model for potential dewfall in an arid region

It is not always easy to know, post-facto, whether both dewfall and fog may have occurred over a given evening period. Instrumentation limitations make it difficult to quantify dew deposition since they rely on artificial sensing surfaces that are either visually examined on a daily basis or recorded. In arid to Mediterranean regions, both dew and fog can play significant ecological roles as suppliers of moisture. Long-term observation records of dew and fog in such regions tend to be limited, however, due partly to a lack of interest and limited distribution of well-instrumented meteorological stations. Simple meteorological criteria are suggested here to calculate potential dewfall and to indicate whether fog was likely to have occurred over a given evening. A field campaign was carried out in the NW Negev desert, Israel, in September and October 1997, to collect meteorological data and carry out dewfall measurements.     

基于VC、Opengl和Directx的三维景观浏览

以VC、Opengl和Directx为基础,创建三维景观浏览场景;结合3DS MAX 6.0和Photoshop,三维建模、纹理映射,处理模型纹理,建立三维景观模型;并将构建的精细三维景观以3DS模型形式读入到创建的场景中,并最终实现在场景中任意漫游、碰撞检测、雾的探测、阴影、阳光光源位置的控制、播放音乐等诸多功能。     

Fog Research: A Review of Past Achievements and Future Perspectives

The scientific community that includes meteorologists, physical scientists, engineers, medical doctors, biologists, and environmentalists has shown interest in a better understanding of fog for years because of its effects on, directly or indirectly, the daily life of human beings. The total economic losses associated with the impact of the presence of fog on aviation, marine and land transportation can be comparable to those of tornadoes or, in some cases, winter storms and hurricanes. The number of articles including the word ``fog' in Journals of American Meteorological Society alone was found to be about 4700, indicating that there is substantial interest in this subject. In spite of this extensive body of work, our ability to accurately forecast/nowcast fog remains limited due to our incomplete understanding of the fog processes over various time and space scales. Fog processes involve droplet microphysics, aerosol chemistry, radiation, turbulence, large/small-scale dynamics, and surface conditions (e.g., partaining to the presence of ice, snow, liquid, plants, and various types of soil). This review paper summarizes past achievements related to the understanding of fog formation, development and decay, and in this respect, the analysis of observations and the development of forecasting models and remote sensing methods are discussed in detail. Finally, future perspectives for fog-related research are highlighted.     

台湾海峡海雾的气候分析

台湾海峡的雾主要集中于冬、春季、夏季较少,日变化表现为下半夜至上午前明显,中午至我前后出雾的机会较少,雾的持续时间以１－２ｄ为主,语文中还分析了产生雾过程的天气型,得出地面低压槽、温带气旋或静止锋等系统是造成台湾海峡雾的主要大气系统。     

卫星遥感北京大雾气候分布特征及成因分析初探

利用极轨气象卫星资料,结合地面能见度资料,对北京市2001-2005年的大雾信息进行了处理分析,生成了多种大雾遥感信息产品.利用处理结果,对2001-2005年北京地区大雾频次分布特点进行了分析.其中卫星遥感2001-2005年北京地区大雾天数统计图反映了近五年来北京市不同地区大雾出现的频次,卫星遥感各季节大雾天数统计图反映了不同季节北京地区大雾分布的时空变化特点,卫星遥感大雾程度指数(像元级空间尺度)反映了北京市不同区县单位面积大雾出现的频次差异.同时,根据卫星遥感大雾分析结果、形成大雾的最主要气象要素资料(地面温、压、湿)、地理信息、高程数据等,还对近5年北京市不同季节不同地区大雾分布的特征、时空变化的气象成因和主要大雾类型(平流雾、辐射雾)进行了分析.综合各种分析结果,北京市大雾分布存在以下几个特点:第一,北京地区的大雾虽一年四季均有发生,但存在明显的季节性特点,以夏秋季偏多,以冬春季偏少;第二,大雾频发区主要位于北京市东南部和中东部偏北的部分地区.西部相对较少;第三,受地形和地面环境流场影响,东南部大雾以平流雾为主,北部和西北部地区以辐射雾为主;第四,辐射雾发生频次与下垫面类型有密切关系,城市热岛对大雾的影响明显.     

江苏省雾的集中程度及其气候趋势研究

引入雾的集中期和集中度的方法,对江苏省59个地面观测站1961—2007雾的发生频次资料进行了分析研究,得出了近47 a来江苏雾的时空分布特征及其相关统计结果。研究表明,集中度和集中期能够明显地分辨江苏省雾的时空分布非均匀特性。江苏省雾集中度呈现南北高、中间低的特点;集中期在47 a中出现较大波动。采用EOF方法分别对雾日数、集中度和集中期的距平值进行分析,其第一特征向量表现为同相位;其中雾日数的第一时间系数在1980s前后出现峰值,集中度和集中期距平值的第一时间系数表现为先减小后增大的总体趋势。通过气候趋势系数的计算表明苏北地区除4站点外均呈上升趋势。     

Role of the Water Vapour Greenhouse Effect in the Forecasting Of Fog Occurrence

Nocturnal measurements of air temperature, relative humidity, temperatureinversion-layer thickness, water vapour path and visibility-through-fog, madeunder non-foggy and foggy conditions in winter over two seasons at Delhi,are analysed to study the decrease in both rate of cooling and temperature inversion-layer thickness during the course of nights followed by fog occurrence.In particular, the decrease in the rate of cooling, compared to that on non-foggynights, is explained as due to the greenhouse warming effect by a layer of excessive,near-saturated water vapour trapped in a temperature inversion. Next, the linearprogramming technique is employed to forecast the occurrence of fog, where thevisibility-through-fog is minimized through its linear regression equation with thepair of variables, mean air temperature and temperature decrease over one hour(measuring rate of cooling at two convenient hours) in the pre-midnight period.This technique provides feasible solutions that enables one to forecast the occurrenceof radiative fog.     

渤海北部沿海近岸雾的特征分析

分析了渤海北部沿海近岸营口站和熊岳站海雾的时间分布和地理分布等。结果表明：1954-2007年渤海北部沿海近岸两站浓雾日数呈递增趋势,两站白天递增趋势均强于夜间, 熊岳站通过0.05显著性检验;1954-2007年沿海近岸两站的轻雾日数整日、白天和夜间均呈递增趋势,并通过0.01显著性检验;渤海北部沿海近岸的浓雾逐月分布集中在11月至翌年2月;渤海北部沿岸海雾的逐时分布集中,出现频率最高的时间是06-08时。     

霾与雾的区别和灰霾天气预警建议

霾与雾的区分是目前一个非常现实 ,又迫切需要解决的问题。而过去东南沿海各省不成文规定的用相对湿度区分的标准普遍偏低 ,区分霾和雾 ,应该根据影响天气系统的变化 ,结合各种判据来确定。考虑到近几年对气溶胶研究的新成果 ,大气中 0 .1μm以下的水溶性粒子主要是 (NH4) 2 SO4等组成的 ,>1μm的粒子主要是NaCl等组成的。这些物质的相变湿度大都在 80 %左右。建议将相对湿度<80 %时的大气混浊视野模糊导致的能见度恶化的天气现象确定为霾 ,相对湿度 >90 %时的大气混浊视野模糊导致的能见度恶化确定为雾 ,相对湿度介于 80～ 90 %之间时的大气混浊视野模糊导致的能见度恶化是霾和雾的混合物共同造成的 ,但其主要成分应该是霾。建议尽快制定灰霾指数和预警办法 ,开展灰霾天气预测预报预警方法的研究和业务平台建设 ,拓展气象服务领域 ,使环境气象产品更好地为社会公众服务 ,为政府实行动态调控的环保措施的决策服务。