The implementation of fog water collection systems in South Africa

Two fog water collection systems (FWCS) have been implemented in South Africa. Both are located in areas where communities experience acute water shortages but which are prone to frequent fog episodes. The first was located at a high elevation site at the Tshanowa Junior Primary (JP) School in the Soutpansberg located in the Northern Province and the other near a small rural community at Lepelfontein along the West Coast. The former represents a mountainous site, while the latter is located on a low level coastal plain. The principal aim of the projects was to implement operational FWCSs to supply the communities with water. During the period 1999 to 2001 the total recorded cloud water yields at the Tshanowa JP School and Lepelfontein water collection sites were in the region of 72 422 and 148 691 l, respectively. This is equivalent to just over 2 l m⁻² day⁻¹ at the Tshanowa JP School and 4.6 l m⁻² day⁻¹ at the Lepelfontein site. Despite the relatively low average daily yields recorded, the total water volume collected on a particular day may be considerable. In fact, at both sites the maximum daily yield exceeded 3800 l. Fog deposition accounted for around 25% and 88% of the total water yield measured at the Tshanowa JP School and Lepelfontein sites, respectively. Both experiments indicated that fog water collection holds considerable potential as an alternative water source in the mountainous regions and along the West Coast of South Africa.     

基于客观分析的重庆雾的BP神经元网络预报模型研究

本文利用数值预报产品、TTAA报文观测资料及重庆雾(能见度)的实况资料,采用客观分析方法将相关资料处理成二维网格资料,再运用车贝雪夫正交多项式实现二维网格图形的数学定量描述,最后建立重庆雾的BP神经网络方法预测模型,并对重庆雾进行预报试验。检验结果表明,这种方法预报效果较好,基于客观分析的BP神经网络模型进行雾的短期预报具有一定的应用前景。     

中国华北雾霾天气与超强El Ni?o事件的相关性研究

2015年11—12月,全国接连发生七次大范围、持续性雾霾天气过程,其中,11月27日—12月1日的雾霾天气过程持续时间长达五天,成为2015年最强的一次重污染天气过程;12月19-25日重度雾霾再次发展,影响面积一度达到35.2万km~2.本文利用多种数据资料通过个例对比和历史统计详细分析了超强El Ni?o背景下雾霾天气频发的天气气候条件.其结果清楚表明:2015年11—12月欧亚中高纬度以纬向环流为主,东亚冬季风偏弱,使得影响我国的冷空气活动偏少,我国中东部大部地区对流层低层盛行异常偏南风,大气相对湿度明显偏大,并且大气层结稳定,对流层底层存在明显逆温.上述大气环流条件使得污染物的水平和垂直扩散条件差,因此在有一定污染排放的情况下,造成了重度雾霾天气过程的频发.由此,超强El Ni?o事件所导致的大尺度大气环流异常是我国中东部,尤其华北地区冬季雾霾天气频发的重要原因之一.     

Microphysical Observations and Mesoscale Model Simulation of a Warm Fog Case during FRAM Project

The objective of this work is to apply a new microphysical parameterization for fog visibility for potential use in numerical weather forecast simulations, and to compare the results with ground-based observations. The observations from the Fog Remote Sensing And Modeling (FRAM) field which took place during the winter of 2005 – 2006 over southern Ontario, Canada (Phase I) were used in the analysis. The liquid water content (LWC), droplet number concentration (N_d), and temperature (T) were obtained from the fog measuring device (FMD) spectra and Rosemount probe, correspondingly. The visibility (Vis) from a visibility meter, liquid water path from microwave radiometers (MWR), and inferred fog properties such as mean volume diameter, LWC, and N_d were also used in the analysis. The results showed that Vis is nonlinearly related to both LWC and N_d. Comparisons between newly derived parameterizations and the ones already in use as a function of LWC suggested that if models can predict the total N_d and LWC at each time step using a detailed microphysics parameterization, Vis can then be calculated for warm fog conditions. Using outputs from the Canadian Mesoscale Compressible Community (MC2) model, being tested with a new multi-moment bulk microphysical scheme, the new Vis parameterization resulted in more accurate Vis values where the correction reached up to 20 –50%.     

Dynamical Nighttime Fog/Low Stratus Detection Based on Meteosat SEVIRI Data: A Feasibility Study

Automated detection of fog and low stratus in nighttime satellite data has been implemented on the basis of numerous satellite systems in past decades. Commonly, differences in small-droplet emissivities at 11μm and 3.9μm are utilized. With Meteosat SEVIRI, however, this method cannot be applied with a fixed threshold due to instrument design: The 3.9μm band is exceptionally wide and overlaps with the 4μm CO₂ absorption band. Therefore, the emissivity difference varies with the length of the slant atmospheric column between sensor and object. To account for this effect, the new technique presented in this paper is based on the dynamical extraction of emissivity difference thresholds for different satellite viewing zenith angles. In this way, varying concentrations of CO₂ and column depths are accounted for. The new scheme is exemplified in a plausibility study and shown to provide reliable results.     

2008年初南方冻雨云物理过程的模拟研究

利用中尺度模式MM5V3.7,模拟了2008年初发生在我国南方地区最强的一次冻雨云物理过程。结果表明,这次冻雨过程期间有两条明显的水汽通道,上升运动明显。冻雨区上空主要以低空云水和雨水,特别是云水的积聚为主,中高空有少量雪花和微量的冰晶。与冻雨区相比,非冻雨区过冷却水含量大,主要位于低空,高空没有霰,雪花也明显偏少。这...     

北京城市能见度及雾特征分析

利用北京及市郊16个标准国家气候站的1980至2000年21年能见度与雾特征等资料,对北京及周边地区的能见度和雾特征及其演变进行了研究结果表明,近20年北京能见度的变化存在显著季节性差异.近20年来,北京市区能见度冬季和夏季呈两种不同的变化.冬季能见度有转好趋势,夏季,80年代以来,北京市城区海淀、京西门头沟、石景山、丰台等地、北部及东部等地能见度有逐年转差趋势,冬季和夏季能见度距平呈反位相变化. 近十年上述能见度转差地带,雾日也是增加的.20世纪的最后10年与80年代开始的10年相比,夏季7、8、9月份北京城市和郊区的雾日有显著增加.雾日的高峰值出现在以海淀区为中心的北京城区的全境,包括京西的石景山、丰台、门头沟等地;另一个雾日数高峰区位于北京东部地区.北京夏季雾增加与能见度减低的地区分布趋于一致可能与北京特殊的"马蹄形"大尺度地形堆积影响有关. 尺度过滤分析研究表明,夏季,从北京城区向东南方向伸展至河北一带地区,有个显著的带状能见度减弱区.这个能见度减弱带与尺度分离揭示的城区内更小尺度的雾增大特征现象有关,有可能与最近10年北京以南地区其他的工业排放或污染源对北京的输送及城市发展变化有一定关系,即与大气气溶胶分布和北京特定的气象条件和城市变化状况有关.     

Vertical divergence of fogwater fluxes above a spruce forest

Two almost identical eddy covariance measurement setups were used to measure the fogwater fluxes to a forest ecosystem in the “Fichtelgebirge” mountains (Waldstein research site, 786 m a.s.l.) in Germany. During the first experiment, an intercomparison was carried out with both setups running simultaneously at the same measuring height on a meteorological tower, 12.5 m above the forest canopy. The results confirmed a close agreement of the turbulent fluxes between the two setups, and allowed to intercalibrate liquid water content (LWC) and gravitational fluxes. During the second experiment, the setups were mounted at a height of 12.5 and 3 m above the canopy, respectively. For the 22 fog events, a persistent negative flux divergence was observed with a greater downward flux at the upper level. To extrapolate the turbulent liquid water fluxes measured at height z to the canopy of height h_c, a conversion factor 1/[1+0.116(z−h_c)] was determined. For the fluxes of nonvolatile ions, no such correction is necessary since the net evaporation of the fog droplets appears to be the primary cause of the vertical flux divergence. Although the net evaporation reduces the liquid water flux reaching the canopy, it is not expected to change the absolute amount of ions dissolved in fogwater.     

华南沿海春季大雾的分析和预报

利用１９７８￣１９９５年２、３、４月华南沿海地区的成雾时天气资料,对雾的变化规律进行了分析研究,综合归纳出春季当地成雾时天气系统背景及预报指标。     

重庆雾的二维非定常数值模拟

重庆是著名的“雾都”.本文建立了一个复杂地形下详细考虑长波辐射冷却、地表热量平衡、雾水沉降、水汽凝结和蒸发、湍流交换系数等的二维非定常雾模式,以实测资料为初始场,研究了一次重庆雾的形成和发展过程.对江河、热岛、辐射、地形和山城的影响,模式分别进行了数值试验.