青藏高原多期次隆升的环境效应

青藏高原隆升对中国西部环境变迁起着决定性影响。通过对柴达木、吐鲁番—哈密、塔里木盆地的演化及其与青藏高原隆升的耦合研究,以柴达木盆地为时空坐标,认为高原隆升可分为三大阶段:(1)古近纪期间青藏高原隆升仅限于冈底斯山一带。当时,受行星纬向气候带控制,中国西北地区为干旱亚热带草原和热带雨林环境,大面积准平原化、泛盆地化,在构造上处于伸展-夷平的拉张环境,与现今亚洲大陆东部相似;(2)青藏高原整体的初次隆升发生在中新世早—中期(23~11·7Ma)。因青藏高原和大兴安岭的阻隔,古近纪的纬向气候带逐渐转变为中亚季候风,古黄土(22Ma)、三趾马动物群的发育,说明高原北缘当时为干旱的荒漠草原环境。同时,这次隆升引起中—晚中新世中国西部广袤地域古地形-构造面貌的变化;(3)形成现今高原面貌的末次快速隆升发生在0·9~0·8Ma。早更新世晚期,印度洋快速扩张,印度板块向中亚大陆脉冲式(A型)陆内俯冲,使得高原快速挤压隆升。这次隆升不仅使高原本身的环境骤变,出现第四纪以来最大的冰川,形成世界上最大的高寒草原,而且引起了全球气候的变化,促使北极圈冰盖的形成。同时,高原隆升使高原内部和周边出现强烈的挤压构造变形,如柴达木、河西走廊、塔里木、吐鲁番—哈密、准噶尔等诸盆地内几万米厚度中—新生界的构造变形与昆仑山、祁连山、天山、阿尔泰山的挤出式双向推覆隆升,形成了中国西北的盆-山地貌。现今,随着青藏高原的持续隆升,高寒草原开始退化,造成中国西北地区大面积的荒漠化,成为制约我国西部生态环境的重要因素。     

Effect of farmland expansion on drought over the past century in Songnen Plain,Northeast China

The effects of human activities on climate change are a significant area of research in the field of global environmental change. Land use and land cover change(LUCC) has a greater effect on climate than greenhouse gases, and the effect of farmland expansion on regional drought is particularly important. From the 1910 s to the 2010 s, cultivated land in Songnen Plain increased by 2.67 times, the area of cultivated land increased from 4.92×10~4 km~2 to 13.14×10~4 km~2, and its percentage of all land increased from 25% to 70%. This provides an opportunity to study the effects of the conversion of natural grassland to farmland on climate. In this study, the drought indices in Songnen Plain were evaluated from the 1910 s to the 2010 s, and the effect of farmland expansion on drought was investigated using statistical methods and the Weather Research and Forecasting Model based on UK's Climatic Research Unit data. The resulting dryness index, Palmer drought severity index, and standardized precipitation index values indicated a significant drying trend in the study area from 1981 to 2010. This trend can be attributed to increases in maximum temperature and diurnal temperature range, which increased the degree of drought. Based on statistical analysis and simulation, the maximum temperature, diurnal temperature range, and sensible heat flux increased during the growing season in Songnen Plain over the past 100 years, while the minimum temperature and latent heat flux decreased. The findings indicate that farmland expansion caused a drying trend in Songnen Plain during the study period.     

Simulating cross-sectional geometry of the main channel in response to changes in water and sediment in Lower Yellow River

Journal of Geographical Sciences - To understand the non-equilibrium morphological adjustment of a river in response to environmental changes, it is essential to (i) accurately identify how past...     

Variation characteristics of evaporation in the Gulang River Basin during 1959-2013

Based on monthly evaporation of two meteorological stations in the Gulang River Basin of China, the inter-annual variation of evaporation during 1959-2013 were analyzed using Mann-Kendall and wavelet analysis. The results demonstrated that the annual evaporation show a fluctuating increase over the past 50 years approximately, with an average increase rate of 4.26 mm per decade. The overall trend was decrease-increase-decrease. According to the cumulative anomaly curve,the turning point of the annual evaporation occurred in 1979, in which the evaporation increased in the early stage and decreased in the later stage. Meanwhile, the seasonal variation of the evaporation shows that it decreased in Spring and Autumn, and increased in Summer and Winter, especially obvious for the later. The evaporation abruptly changed in Spring and Summer in 2008 and in Winter in 1994. In addition, all evaporation increased after the changes. However,the evaporation in Autumn abruptly changed in 1986 and 1999, which show a trend of increase-decrease-increase.Wavelet analysis shows that evaporation in Summer and wet season would decrease in the next few years, and in the other seasons would increase. Based on the aforementioned analysis, it can be concluded that increased evaporation is mainly induced by increase of evaporation in dry season, especially in Winter, and this trend to be continued in the future for the Gulang River Basin.     

Supply and Demand Levels for Livestock and Poultry Products in the Chinese Mainland and the Potential Demand for Feed Grains

The widening gap between the supply and demand levels for livestock and poultry products in the Chinese mainland poses a significant challenge to the secure supply of feed grains. Therefore, the accurate prediction of the demand potential for feed grains represents a key scientific issue for ensuring food security in the Chinese mainland. This study is based on an analysis of several factors, such as the Chinese mainland’s output, trade volume, apparent consumption of livestock and poultry products, and two different scenarios for predicting the future demand for feed grains are assessed. The results indicate that output and consumption of livestock and poultry products, as well as the country’s trade deficit and the pressure of the supply and demand balance with respect to these products, have been increasing in recent years. The analysis predicts that the demand for feed grains in the Chinese mainland will reach 425.5 or 389.6 million tons in 2030 based on the two scenarios. This finding indicates that with the increasing demand for livestock and poultry products in the Chinese mainland, the demand for feed grains will continue to increase, and the shortfall in feed grains and raw materials will expand further, especially dependence on external sources of protein-rich feed grains will remain high.     

南方鲇成鱼的静止代谢率的季节变化

于１９９１年９月－１９９２年７月，运用连续流水呼吸仪测定由嘉陵江捕获的南方鲇成鱼的静止代谢率，在１０．０，１６．０，２１．８，２２．２和２７．４℃条件下，雌鱼的测定值是８．６９９，２１．９８０，２５．４１２，３０．５６３，３４．４６３和３２．４８３Ｏ２ｍｇ／（ｋｇ．ｈ）；雄鱼的是８．１４，１９．５６８，２６，８３０，２９。４２６，３２，１５６和３２．０９８Ｏ２ｍｇ／（ｋｇ．ｈ）。采用统计模型，将测     

Long-term changes in summer phytoplankton communities of the open northern Baltic Sea

Changes in the biomass and species composition of phytoplankton may reflect major shifts in environmental conditions. We investigated relationships between the late summer biomass of different phytoplankton taxa and environmental factors, and their long-term (1979–2003) trends in two areas of the Baltic Sea, the northern Baltic proper (NBP) and the Gulf of Finland (GF), with statistical analyses. An increasing trend was found in late summer temperature and chlorophyll a of the surface water layer (0–10 m) in both areas. There was also a significant decrease in summer salinity and an increase in winter dissolved inorganic nitrogen to phosphorus (DIN:DIP) ratio in the NBP, as well as increases in winter DIN concentrations and DIN:SiO₄ ratio in the GF. Simultaneously, the biomass of chrysophytes and chlorophytes increased in both areas. In the NBP, also the biomass of dinophytes increased and that of euglenophytes decreased, whereas in the GF, cyanobacteria increased and cryptophytes decreased. Redundancy analysis (RDA) indicated that summer temperature and winter DIN concentration were the most important factors with respect to changes in the phytoplankton community structure. Thus, the phytoplankton communities seem to reflect both hydrographic changes and the ongoing eutrophication process in the northern Baltic Sea.     

近40年来珠江口的海平面变化

利用大万山附近1°×1°经纬度网格的卫星高度计资料(1993—2006),计算出珠江口绝对海平面的上升速率为0·30±0·05cm/a,与由卫星高度计得出的全球平均海平面的上升速率一致。珠江口各验潮站近40年的潮位变化趋势分析表明,珠江口海平面正加速上升,为全球气候变暖所致;珠江口海平面与全球温度变化和ENSO活动密切相关,一般在ENSO年海平面相对较低。以IPCC有关全球温度上升幅度的预报值和海平面与全球温度变化的关系为依据,预计到2030和2050年珠江口绝对海平面将分别上升6～14和9～21cm,若考虑地面沉降以及波动值,珠江口部分岸段相对海平面将可能分别上升30和50cm。     

Separate and interactive effects of eutrophication and climate variables on the ecosystem elements of the Gulf of Riga

There is currently a critical knowledge gap in how eutrophication and climate variables separately and interactively impact the dynamics of marine ecosystems. Based on long-term monitoring data we quantified the separate and combined impacts of nutrient loading, temperature, salinity, and wind conditions on zooplankton, zoobenthos and fish inhabiting a brackish water ecosystem in the Gulf of Riga. Changes in zoobenthos communities and herring stock were largely explained by climate variables. Zooplankton species were related to both eutrophication and climate variables, and models combining all environmental variables explained additional variation in zooplankton data compared to the separate models of climate and eutrophication. This suggests that zoobenthos communities and herring stock are largely driven by weather conditions, whereas the combined effect of weather and nutrient loads are likely the cause for dynamic zooplankton communities in the Gulf of Riga.     

西太平洋暖池研究的新进展

对近几年国内外有关热带西太平洋暖池的现场观测、暖池物理机制、暖池与ENSO的关系、暖池异常变化对气候的影响等方面的最新研究进展作了回顾;同时,对目前暖池研究中存在的几个问题进行了简要的讨论。