Land use effects on habitat,water quality,periphyton, and benthic invertebrates in Waikato,New Zealand,hill‐country streams

Water quality, habitat, and biota were compared during spring amongst c. 100 m reaches on 11 streams draining pasture, native (podocarp‐broadleaf) forest, and exotic pine forest established on pasture 15 years previously. Differences were greatest between the pasture and native forest streams. Only 1–3% of incident light reached native and pine forest streams whereas 30% reached pasture streams. Pasture streams had 2.2°C higher mean temperature than the native streams, and 5‐fold higher nitrate, 30‐fold higher algal biomass, and 11‐fold higher gross photosynthesis. Native streams were 60% wider than pasture, with pine streams intermediate. Pine and pasture streams had 3‐fold higher suspended solids and fine sediment stored in the streambed than native streams. Woody debris volume was 17‐fold greater in pine than pasture streams, with native streams intermediate. Invertebrate taxa richness did not differ between land uses. Community composition differed most between pasture and native forest, with pine forest streams intermediate. Invertebrate densities were 3‐fold higher in pasture than native streams, mainly because of more chironomids and snails, but mayflies, stoneflies, and caddisflies densities were 2–3‐fold higher in forest streams than pasture.     

珠江口无瓣海桑(Sonneratia apetala)湿地中浮游动物构成及富营养化评价

选择珠江口南沙区两处典型的以大面积人工种植红树植物无瓣海桑(Sonneratia apetala)为主的感潮河涌,进行湿地区域中的浮游动物研究。于2011年5月和11月对开放性河涌湿地14涌(A区)和封闭性河涌湿地19涌(B区)中的浮游动物进行调研,从种类数和丰度、污染指示种和优势种、营养指数E和污染指数A等方面对浮游动物进行群落结构和功能的分析,并以此对湿地水质和无瓣海桑的净化能力进行评价。结果表明,B区林内原生动物总丰度可达106ind/L数量级,7种丰度优势种均为纤毛虫类,优势种哑铃中缢虫(Mesodinium rubrum),1种赤潮原生动物种类,单种丰度在春秋两季可达1.8×105ind/L、5.1×105ind/L。桡足类、枝角类在春季B区林内丰度最高,分别可达576ind/L和46ind/L,显示春季可能为其繁殖季节。轮虫相对不耐污染生境。指数E和指数A均远高于判断阈值。提出了二项浮游动物的富营养判断标准和二条原则。据此判断,B区湿地存在极重的有机污染现象,主要可能与无瓣海桑林内凋落物量较大或根系分泌物的作用且林内水流不畅有关。     

台风作用下琼州海峡海域波浪特征分析

通过在拟建琼州海峡跨海大桥西线方案主通航孔位置布置波浪测点,采集到2012年13号台风"启德"和23号台风"山神"期间波浪数据,结合两场台风期间波浪频谱和方向谱的变化,分析了该区域在台风期间的波浪特征,并进一步对风浪和涌浪进行了判别。研究结果表明:1)台风"启德"期间,海域波浪谱峰周期在3.3⁸.0 s之间,最大谱峰值为7.92 m2/s,波浪方向为W8.0 s之间,最大谱峰值为7.92 m2/s,波浪方向为W^N向,且频谱和方向谱的变化过程反映了风浪到涌浪的转变;2)台风"山神"期间,海域波浪谱峰周期在5.0N向,且频谱和方向谱的变化过程反映了风浪到涌浪的转变;2)台风"山神"期间,海域波浪谱峰周期在5.0⁶.5 s之间,最大谱峰值为2.70 m2/s,波浪方向为E6.5 s之间,最大谱峰值为2.70 m2/s,波浪方向为E^ESE向,波浪以风浪为主;3)琼州海峡海域大周期波浪主要受到台风引起的涌浪影响,涌浪周期的范围大约在6.5ESE向,波浪以风浪为主;3)琼州海峡海域大周期波浪主要受到台风引起的涌浪影响,涌浪周期的范围大约在6.5¹0.0 s之间。     

无定河上游河道对沙漠化的阻截效应

干旱向湿润转变的过渡区受到风力与水力的交互作用,交互作用形成的风水复合地貌显著区别于单一风力或水力形成的地貌,探究风力与水力的交互作用有助于对干旱-湿润过渡区地貌过程的理解.基于野外考察、遥感影像解译和沉积物粒度分析等手段,分析了无定河上游河道对毛乌素沙地东进的阻截效应,结果表明:(1)无定河上游河道的西侧以流动、半流...     

Integration degree of risk in terms of scene and application

Risk is a scene in the future associated with some adverse incident. Scene means something seen by a viewer, or felt by individuals or various societal groups. Any risk assessment is to model some aspects of the scene for risk. Different aspects for assessment leads to different scene. In this paper, we suggest the integration degree of risk to distinguish characters of risks with respect to the aspects. The total number of factors of a risk system determines the macro degree and the granulation scale for measuring a risk reflects the micro degree. A simple framework depends on the degrees provides an explanation of the integrated risk. The most common model for risk assessment is available for the two-freedom-degree serial risk. A case studying flood risk shows the application to explain what the risk is, where the information is incomplete and we use the information diffusion technique to estimate the risk. Project 40771007 supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China.     

Water quality and coral bleaching thresholds: Formalising the linkage for the inshore reefs of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia

The threats of wide-scale coral bleaching and reef demise associated with anthropogenic climate change are widely known. Here, the additional role of poor water quality in lowering the thermal tolerance (i.e. bleaching ‘resistance’) of symbiotic reef corals is considered. In particular, a quantitative linkage is established between terrestrially-sourced dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) loading and the upper thermal bleaching thresholds of inshore reefs on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Significantly, this biophysical linkage provides concrete evidence for the oft-expressed belief that improved coral reef management will increase the regional-scale survival prospects of corals reefs to global climate change. Indeed, for inshore reef areas with a high runoff exposure risk, it is shown that the potential benefit of this ‘local’ management imperative is equivalent to ∼2.0-2.5 °C in relation to the upper thermal bleaching limit; though in this case, a potentially cost-prohibitive reduction in end-of-river DIN of >50-80% would be required. An integrated socio-economic modelling framework is outlined that will assist future efforts to understand (optimise) the alternate tradeoffs that the water quality/coral bleaching linkage presents.     

Flow resistance of one-line emergent vegetation along the floodplain edge of a compound open channel

Experiments have been conducted in straight compound channels with and without one-line emergent vegetation along the floodplain edge, in which stream-wise velocities and boundary shear stresses have been measured. The experimental results show that the velocity distribution in the vegetation case is considerably different from that in the no vegetation case and the boundary shear stress is also significantly reduced by the additional flow resistance caused by the vegetation at a similar relative water depth. The apparent shear stress distribution which has been calculated with the boundary shear stress and weight component in the vegetation case is totally different from that in the no-vegetation case. New formulae for friction factors for the with and without vegetation cases are developed using vegetation density and flow parameters. The drag force caused by the vegetation is obtained for two different vegetation density cases and the magnitude of its effect on total flow resistance is then investigated. The force balance method is used to predict discharge and this is compared with the discharge predicted by the new formula. A further analysis of the selection of vegetation spacing is carried out, determining its effect on stage-discharge.     

Three-layer model for vertical velocity distribution in open channel flow with submerged rigid vegetation

Based on the detailed laboratory experiments and theoretical analysis, a new three-layer model is proposed to predict the vertical velocity distribution in an open channel flow with submerged vegetation. The time averaged velocity and turbulence behaviour of a steady uniform flow with fully submerged artificial rigid vegetation was measured using a 3D Micro ADV, and the vertical distribution of velocity and Reynolds shear stress at different vegetation height, vegetation density and measuring positions were obtained. The results show that the velocity profile consists of three hydrodynamic regimes (i.e. the upper non-vegetated layer, the outer and bottom layer within vegetation); accordingly different methods had been adopted to describe the vertical velocity distribution. For the upper non-vegetated layer, a modified mixing length theory combined with the concept of ‘the new vegetation boundary layer’ was adopted, and an analytical model was presented to predict the vertical velocity distribution in this region. For the bottom layer within vegetation, the depth average velocity was obtained by numerically solving the momentum equations. For the upper layer within vegetation, the analytical solution was presented by expressing the shear stress as a formula fitted to the experimental data. Finally, the analytical predictions of the vertical velocity over the whole flow depth were compared with the results obtained by other researchers, and the good agreement proved that the three-layer model can be used to predict the velocity distribution of the open channel flow with submerged rigid vegetation.