近50年黄河乌兰布和沙漠段辫状河道演变

依据水沙资料和断面资料,对黄河乌兰布和沙漠段辫状河道形态近50年演变特征及趋势进行探讨分析。结果表明：在大流量条件下（1966-1993年）,河流横向侵蚀、搬运堆积过程强烈,风沙入黄（河）量大,河道横向摆动频繁,辫状河道发育强烈。当黄河流量减小时（1993-2013年）,河流横向摆动能力减弱,黄河主河槽远离左岸乌兰布和沙漠沙丘,河流输沙能力减弱,汊道泥沙淤积导致心滩边滩相连,河流分汊数量明显减少,辫状河道萎缩,黄河乌兰布和沙漠段辫状河型有向弯曲型河道转变的趋势。     

针对AES算法的时域和频域相关功耗攻击对比分析

面对众多的时域功耗攻击方法和近年来陆续提出的频域功耗攻击方法,以高级加密标准（Advanced En—cryption Standard,AES）密码算法为研究对象,对效用较强的相关功耗攻击方法在时域和频域的攻击效果进行了对比分析。以STC90C58AD微控制器为硬件仿真平台采集相同密钥随机明文的AES密码算法功耗曲线,考虑功耗曲线在时域上对齐与否,分别实施时域相关功耗攻击和频域相关功耗攻击。结果显示：功耗曲线在时域对齐情况下,时域相关功耗攻击比频域相关功耗攻击在恢复AES算法完整的初始密钥所需样本量更少;反之,频域相关功耗攻击所需样本量更少,验证了频域相关功耗攻击能够解决时域相关功耗攻击中时间点不对齐的问题。说明功耗曲线有随机时间干扰的情况下适合选择频域相关功耗攻击,反之,选择时域相关功耗攻击更有利。     

国外跨海通道建设的空间社会经济效应

阐述了国外跨海通道建设三个阶段的背景和形成的不同效应：① 工业革命后期仅发挥通道运输功能;② 二战后因新自由主义经济兴起成为私人投资和市场经营方式;③ 全球化竞争背景下成为集体性的经济和政治策略。基于区域结构重组,从区域空间和城市空间两个层面分析了跨海通道建设的空间效应;基于政策等因素的跨界改革,分析了跨海通道建设的社会经济效应;并阐释了不同观点对跨海通道建设效应的解读。研究表明：跨海通道建设对区域发展具有重要的社会经济意义,但同时其建设和后续影响也具有积极和消极的双重特征,因此在跨海通道规划建设之初,应对其各项社会经济效应进行充分的论证,不仅要论证其效应的积极方面,更应重视其可能产生的消极影响。还应考虑通道衔接地区由于区域相邻产生的政策壁垒,从而采取积极的公共政策回应。以期为中国当前的跨海通道建设提供启示和思考。     

澜沧江―湄公河地区地形地貌划分

地形地貌反映了地质构造运动特征,是影响和制约区域经济社会发展的基础。本研究以澜沧江-湄公河地区1:250 000TM遥感影像图为基础,考虑到本区新构造运动异常活跃以及微地貌的特殊性,结合其坡度形态及海拔高度,采用成因类型-成因形态-物质形态-坡度形态-微地貌形态的方法进行地貌类型划分研究。采用地势起伏度分级、野外查证等方法进一步验证了地貌划分成果,结果表明本次地形地貌划分研究较好地反映了客观实际。     

Reconceptualising coarse sediment delivery problems in rivers as catchment-scale and diffuse

This paper assesses river channel management activities in the context of the interaction between coarse sediment delivery, climate change, river channel response and flood risk. It uses two main sources of evidence: (1) an intensive instrumentation of an upland river catchment using both traditional hydrometric and novel sediment sensing methods; and (2) a sediment delivery model that combines a treatment of sediment generation from mass failure with a treatment of the connectivity of this failed material to the drainage network. The field instrumentation suggests that the precipitation events that deliver sediment from hillslopes to the drainage network are different to those that transfer sediment within the network itself. Extreme events, that could occur at any time in the year (i.e. they are not dependent on wet antecedent conditions), were crucial for sediment delivery. However, sustained high river flows were responsible for the majority of transfer within the river itself. Application of three downscaling methods to climate model predictions for the 2050s and 2080s suggested a significant increase in the number and potential volume of delivery events by the 2050s, regardless of the climate downscaling scenario used. First approximations suggested that this would translate into annual bed level aggradation rates of between 0.10 and 0.20 m per year in the downstream main channel reaches. Second, the importance of this delivery for flood risk studies was confirmed by simulating the effects of 16 months of measured in-channel simulation with river flows scaled for climate change to the 2050s and 2080s. Short-term sedimentation could result in similar magnitude increases in inundated area for 1 in 0.5 and 1 in 2 year floods to those predicted for the 2050s in relation to increases in flow magnitude. Finally, we were able to develop an alternative approach to river management in relation to coarse sediment delivery, based upon reducing the rates of coarse sediment delivery through highly localised woodland planting, under the assumption that reducing delivery rates should reduce the rate of channel migration and hence the magnitude of the bank erosion problem. Thus, the paper demonstrates the need to conceptualise local river management problems in upland river environments as point scale manifestations of a diffuse sediment delivery process, with a much more explicit focus on the catchment scale, if our river systems are to become more insulated from the impacts of future climate changes.     

Tsunamigenic incisions produced by the December 2004 earthquake along the coasts of Thailand, Indonesia and Sri Lanka

Field observations and satellite images indicate that tsunami waves exhibit specific patterns during flooding and recession forming characteristic incisions in the coastal landscape. To study these incisions we analyze high resolution remote sensing images of the coastline of Indonesia, Thailand and Sri Lanka impacted by the tsunami of December 26th, 2004. The analysis sheds light on the different mechanisms by which currents scour incisions during the flooding and receding phases of a tsunami. During flooding the high velocity flow indents the levees of existing tidal channels and bays, leaving short flood scours. The receding water then dissects the coastline with equally spaced return channels widening toward the coast.     

A meltwater origin for Antarctic shelf bedforms with special attention to megalineations

The geomorphology of troughs crossing the Antarctic shelf is described and interpreted in terms of ice-stream hydrology. The scale of tunnel channels on the inner shelf and the absence of sediment at their mouths are taken to infer catastrophic drainage. Drumlins on the inner and outer shelves with pronounced crescentic and hairpin scours are also interpreted as products of catastrophic flow. Gullies and channels on the continental slope and turbidites on the rise and abyssal plain point to abundant meltwater discharge across the shelf. Attempts to explain this morphology and sedimentology in terms of release or discharge of meltwater by pressure melting, strain heating, Darcian flow, or advection in deforming till are shown to be unrealistic. We suggest that meltwater flow across the middle and outer shelves might have been in broad, turbulent floods, which raises the possibility that megascale glacial lineations (MSGL) on the shelf might originate by erosion in turbulent flow. This possibility is explored by use of analogs for MSGL from flood and eolian landscapes and marine environments. An extended discussion reflects on objections that stand in the way of the flood hypothesis.     

Terrain maps displaying hill-shading with curvature

Many types of maps can be created by neighborhood operations on a continuous surface such as provided by a digital elevation model. These most commonly include first derivatives slope or aspect, and second derivatives planimetric or profile curvature. Such variables are often used in geomorphic analyses of terrain. First derivatives also provide subtle enhancements to hill-shaded maps. For example, some maps combine oblique and vertical illumination, with the latter reflecting variations in slope.This study illustrates how second derivative maps, in conjunction with hill-shading, can cartographically enhance topographic detail. A simple conic model indicates that image-tone edges where slope or aspect varies by less than 0.5° are visible on curvature maps. Hill-shaded images combined with curvature enhance the continuity of naturally occurring tonal edges, especially in strongly illuminated areas. Variations in planimetric and profile curvature seem to be especially effective at highlighting convergent and divergent drainages and variations in erosion rate between or within sedimentary units, respectively. Shading curvature with consideration given to illumination models can add detail to hill-shaded terrain maps in a manner similar to cognitive models employed by map viewers.     

华南汛期旱涝急转及其大气环流特征

利用国家气象信息中心提供的1960～2015年中国753站汛期(4～9月)逐日降水资料,对华南地区汛期旱涝急转现象进行了分析,定义了一个旱涝急转评价指标,分析了旱涝急转事件的特点及其大气环流特征。结果表明:华南在56年汛期中共发生了17次旱涝急转事件,发生频率由1960年代的3次下降到1970年代、1980年代的1次,后迅速增加到1990年代的4次、21世纪初的8次。将其按急转时间分为春末初夏旱转涝事件和盛夏涝转旱事件。春末初夏旱转涝事件,旱期西太平洋副热带高压主体偏南,中国东部主要受干冷高压脊控制,华南低层负涡度发展伴随着辐散、下沉运动的加强和水汽输送的减弱,降水偏少;涝期西太平洋副热带高压北抬,孟加拉湾南支槽异常偏强,华南位于副热带高压西侧和南亚高压东南侧,低层正涡度发展伴随着辐合、上升运动和水汽输送的加强,降水偏多。盛夏涝转旱事件,涝期西太平洋副热带高压主体偏西,华南处于副热带高压西北侧和南亚高压东南侧,低层水汽输送、辐合和上升运动均加强,正涡度发展,降水增多;旱期西太平洋副热带高压显著北跳,南亚高压向东向北扩展至长江中下游地区,华南为西太平洋副热带高压和高空东风急流所控制,低层水汽输送减弱,辐散和下沉运动加强,负涡度发展,干旱少雨。     

印尼8.7级地震海啸灾害及应急救援

本文介绍了2004年12月26日发生在印度尼西亚苏门答腊岛近海的8．7级地震后引发的大规模海啸对东南亚国家造成的灾难的情况、各受灾国的应急响应、国际救援及中国国际救援队前往印尼班达亚齐开展救援行动的情况。