Impacts of primary deforestation upon limestone slopes in northern Vancouver Island, British Columbia

Effects of deforestation upon slopes in limestones and in volcanic rocks in the Benson River valley, northern Vancouver Island, have been investigated quantitatively. Postlogging soil erosion and vegetal regeneration success were assessed by measuring soil depth, percent bare rock and moss cover, and the numbers and diversity of trees, shrubs, and plants on 25 sampling sites, each containing ten measuring quadrats selected at random. Sixteen sites were on the Quatsino Formation, a well-karstified limestone, and nine on the Karmutsen Formation of basaltic lavas. Eight sites were of virgin forest, 16 were logged between 1970 and 1983, and one (on limestone) was logged in 1911. Both bedrock types were significantly affected by the cutting. There was greater loss of soil and an increase in bare rock on the limestones. Erosion was increased significantly by burning on the limestones but not on the volcanics. Within-group comparisons on the limestones determined that steeper slopes and harder burned areas suffered the most and are slowest to regenerate. Volume of timber on the 1911 site was 19 percent of that in similar uncut forest sites. It appears that complete recovery on the barren limestone slopes will require at least some centuries.     

Rill erosion along the thalweg of a hillslope hollow: A case study from the cotswold hills,Central England

Rill erosion is an important erosional form on agricultural soils in England, causing large losses of soil, particularly on cultivated slopes. This paper describes a rill system that developed in a small agricultural catchment in north Oxfordshire during the winter of 1992–93. The rill system comprised two components: a system of ‘feeder rills’ along the valley-side slopes, which were the result of flow concentration and erosion along wheelings, and a thalweg rill, which formed along a dry valley bottom as a result of surface runoff concentration from the feeder rills. Total volumetric soil loss from the rill system was 32·28 m³, equivalent to 3·01 m³, ha^?1 for the rill catchment area, or 3·91 t ha^?1. Mean discharge for the thalweg rill and feeder rills, calculated during a storm event, was 31·101s^?1 and 1·171s^?1, respectively. All flows were fully turbulent and supercritical. We emphasize the need for a spatially distributed approach to the study of runoff and erosion at the catchment scale.     

青岛榴辉岩及胶南群片麻岩的锆石U-Pb 年龄——胶南群中晋宁期岩浆事件的证据

研究表明，苏鲁地体是扬子与华北陆-陆碰撞造山带的一部分（东段）。其主要变质岩系——胶南群，是扬子陆块北缘俯冲陆壳的基底。在已有的文献中，人们均将胶南群划为早、中元古代地体。组成胶南群的主要岩石是长英质片麻岩，在其中间包含有少量斜长角闪岩、大理岩、超镁铁岩和榴辉岩。大量的Sm-Nd 及 40Ar/39Ar 同位素定年已证明了，胶南群在三叠纪时，经历了与华北和扬子陆块碰撞有关的高压或超高压变质作用，原岩的时代缺乏可靠的年龄测定，被认为是早、中元古代岩石。然而最近我们对青岛附近仰口的退变质榴辉岩及胶南群片麻岩的     

1991—1992年ENSO事件的特征

根据美国国家海洋大气局气候分析中心（ＣＡＣ）和中国气象局气候监测公报所提供的海－气资料，综合分析了１９９１－１９９２年ＥＮＳＯ事件的形成、发展过程。这次ＥＮＳＯ事件的主要特点是：①在ＥＮＳＯ事件爆发前一年内热带太平洋海气特性频频呈现异常，暖水堆积在赤道中太平洋（５°Ｎ－５°Ｓ，１６０°Ｅ－１６０°Ｗ）约１２个月，然后自西向东传输，爆发１９９１－１９９２年ＥＮＳＯ事件。②对ＥＮＳＯ事件作出响应的西太     

黄土高原晋陕蒙毗邻地区土地退化遥感分析

本文利用遥感技术通过典型区的分析,对黄土高原土地退化现状及其成因过程进行了深入研究。结果表明,黄土高原地区由于特殊的自然条件,加以长期人类活动影响,土地退化十分严重,并处于不断发展之中,主要表现为水土流失和土地沙化等。     

Flood hydrology and geomorphic effectiveness in the central Appalachians

This paper compares hydrologic records and geomorphic effects of several historic floods in the central Appalachian region of the eastern United States. The most recent of these, occurring in November 1985, was the largest ever recorded in West Virginia, with peak discharges exceeding the estimated 500-year discharge at eight of eleven stations in the South Branch Potomac River and Cheat River basins. Geomorphic effects on valley floors included some of the most severe and widespread floodplain erosion ever documented and exceeded anything seen in previous floods, even though comparable or greater rainfall and unit discharge have been observed several times in the region over the past 50 years. Comparison of discharge-drainage area plots suggests that the intensity and spatial scale of the November 1985 flood were optimal for erosion of valley floors along the three forks of the South Branch Potomac River. However, when a larger geographic area is considered, rainfall totals and discharge-drainage area relationships are insufficient predictors of geomorphic effectiveness for valley floors at drainage areas of 250 to 2500 km². Unit stream power was calculated for the largest recorded flood discharge at 46 stations in the central Appalachians. Maximum values of unit stream power are developed in bedrock canyons, where the boundaries are resistant to erosion and the flow cross-section cannot adjust its width to accommodate extreme discharges. The largest value was 2570 W m^?2; record discharge at most stations was associated with unit stream power values less than 300 W m^?2, but more stations exceeded this value in the November 1985 flood than in the other floods that were analysed. Unit stream power at indirect discharge measurement sites near areas experiencing severe erosion in this and other central Appalachian floods generally exceeded 300 W m^?2; reach-average values of 200-500 W m^?2 were calculated for valleys where erosion damage was most widespread. Despite these general trends, unit stream power is not a reliable predictor of geomorphic change for individual sites. Improved understanding of flood impacts will require more detailed investigation of interactions between local site characteristics and patterns of flood flow over the valley floor.     

Sediment transport by burrowing mammals,Marin County,California

Field observations suggest that burrowing activity is the primary mode of sediment transport currently active in a small grassland drainage basin in Marin County, California. Spatial concentrations of the 1150 gopher mounds surveyed vary from 0-16 mounds m^?2 on interfluves to 0.32 mounds m^?2 on sideslopes and in the topographic hollow, with localized concentrations of up to 2.88 mounds m^?2 on the margins of the colluvial deposit. Simple models of sediment transport by burrowing activity yield estimates of between 0.91 and 2.33 cm³ cm^?1 yr^?1 for the basin as a whole, with absolute minimum and maximum rates of 0.48 and 631 cm³ cm^?1 yr^?1. These values are similar to those previously estimated for this area (Lehre, 1982) and are nearly an order-of-magnitude less than average long-term sediment transport rates at the same site (Reneau, 1988).     

我国大陆及其邻区6级以上地震的“缺震事件”——一种大地震中期预测指标的分析研究

在内陆强震活动的起伏中,6级以上地震的大范围长时间缺震,具有重要的意义。有的研究者已将其作为将发生7级地震前的标志之一。作者系统地清理了1897—1988年8月间中国大陆及其邻区6级以上地震“缺震事件”的始末,较多的震例表明,限定“缺震事件”起止的地震具有中期预报意义。它们在地震构造上的原因可能是代表区域最活跃的破裂,突然处于阻碍、闭锁状态,其持续时间大于10个月,再次发生6级以上地震为解锁,并随即出现新的一轮大地震活动。故可以作为一种大地震中期预测的指标。