Morphological characterization of cluster microforms

A field study was conducted on two mountain streams in the Cascade Mountains of Washington State on the morphological characterization of cluster microforms. Morphological characterization of clusters is presented in terms of: (i) cluster shape; (ii) cluster geometric properties; and (iii) the spatial arrangement of clusters in the horizontal plane. Clusters were differentiated from other microtopography features such as reticulate structures and transverse ribs, and identified clusters were categorized by shape as being of pebble, line, comet, heap or ring type. The complex spatial arrangement of clusters at the sites was characterized by using a two‐dimensional correlation function, which allowed for measurement of the average cluster‐spacing properties. For the rivers examined, pebble‐shaped clusters were the most frequently observed cluster shape. Cluster geometric properties were found to be controlled by particles of the largest size fraction in the bed and the projected frontal width of the cluster – with cluster length being linearly related to cluster width for cluster width‐to‐height ratios <3·5. Results of the cluster‐spacing analysis suggest that cluster spacing increases with cluster size and decreases with local slope. Application of this principle to the available spacing data shows that cluster spacing λ scales with the ratio of S/d₀ such that λS/d₀ = constant, where S is the local slope and d₀ the diameter of the largest particle in the cluster.     

塔里木河流域中游渭干河-库车河绿洲盐渍土水盐信息光谱特征研究

土壤水分、盐分时空变异强,是影响土壤光谱特征的两个重要因素。土壤水分与盐分之间的关系以及土壤水分、盐分与土壤光谱特征间的关系直接关系到利用遥感光谱信息监测土壤盐渍化的精度。该文运用多元统计学及可见光-近红外反射光谱分析方法对2010年10月渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲盐渍土水分、盐分数据和盐渍土野外光谱数据进行分析,探讨该绿洲盐渍土表层(0～10cm)水盐信息与野外光谱特征间的关系。结果表明:1)土壤水分和土壤电导率可用Cubic曲线拟合,相关系数R=0.8503,土壤盐分和土壤电导率也可用Cubic曲线拟合,相关系数R=0.842,但土壤水分与盐分之间的显著性较弱,相关系数R=0.74。2)与原始野外光谱相比,包络线消除后光谱波段与土壤水分和土壤电导率之间的Pearson相关性都有不同程度的提高,利用包络线消除法后的波段分别建立盐渍土土壤水分、土壤电导率后向回归预测方程,为动态水盐条件下的盐渍土遥感监测提供了理论依据。     

江河源区NDVI时空变化及其与气候因子的关系(英文)

The source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow rivers are important water conservation areas of China. In recent years, ecological deterioration trend of the source regions caused by global climate change and unreasonable resource development increased gradually. In this paper, the spatial distribution and dynamic change of vegetation cover in the source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow rivers are analyzed in recent 10 years based on 1-km resolution multitemporal SPOTVGT-DN data from 1998 to 2007. Meanwhile, the correlation relationships between air temperature, precipitation, shallow ground temperature and NDVI, which is 3×3 pixel at the center of Wudaoliang, Tuotuohe, Qumalai, Maduo, and Dari meteorological stations were analyzed. The results show that the NDVI values in these two source regions are increasing in recent 10 years. Spatial distribution of NDVI which was consistent with hydrothermal condition decreased from southeast to northwest of the source regions. NDVI with a value over 0.54 was mainly distributed in the southeastern source region of the Yellow River, and most NDVI values in the northwestern source region of the Yangtze River were less than 0.22. Spatial changing trend of NDVI has great difference and most parts in the source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow rivers witnessed indistinct change. The regions with marked increasing trend were mainly distributed on the south side of the Tongtian River, some part of Keqianqu, Tongtian, Chumaer, and Tuotuo rivers in the source region of the Yangtze River and Xingsuhai, and southern Dari county in the source region of the Yellow River. The regions with very marked increasing tendency were mainly distributed on the south side of Tongtian Rriver and sporadically distributed in hinterland of the source region of the Yangtze River. The north side of Tangula Range in the source region of the Yangtze River and Dari and Maduo counties in the source region of the Yellow River were areas in which NDVI changed with marked decreasing tendency. The NDVI change was980 Journal of Geographical Sciences positively correlated with average temperature, precipitation and shallow ground temperature. Shallow ground temperature had the greatest effect on NDVI change, and the second greatest factor influencing NDVI was average temperature. The correlation between NDVI and shallow ground temperature in the source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow rivers increased significantly with the depth of soil layer.     

太湖及其主要入湖河流沉积磷形态分布研究

选择了我国第三大浅水湖泊--太湖及其主要入湖河流进行沉积磷形态的连续提取研究.太湖湖区沉积磷中不稳态磷(LP)及铝结合态磷(Al-P)含量很低,其余形态磷为铁结合态磷(Fe-P)＜钙结合态磷(Ca-P)＜有机磷(Org-P).河流沉积物中有机磷的相对含量高于湖泊沉积物,绝对含量平均值约为湖泊沉积物的3.9倍,铁结合态磷的绝对含量约为湖泊沉积物的3/4,湖区沉积物Fe-P含量与水体中PO3-4-、Chla呈显著正相关关系,同时与间隙水的氧化性呈显著负相关关系.太湖各湖区沉积物的磷形态表现为空间差异较大,活性组分的差异性要大于活性较差的组分.总的来说北部湖区沉积物中Fe-P和Org-P含量高于其他湖区,这与太湖北部湖区水体高营养级和藻类爆发关系密切.湖区沉积磷的垂直分布规律较复杂,既有随深度增加的,也有随深度降低的,河流沉积物同样如此.这与太湖及河流生态条件、污染物排放以及沉积动力学条件不同有关.     

基于环境扩散条件的河流宽度分类判别准则

在河流排污引起的污染物扩散计算中,不同河流宽度类别对应不同的移流扩散解析解算式,但缺少具体的河流宽度分类判别准则,给实际应用带来很大困难。按照河流污染物扩散受边界反射影响程度的不同,从移流扩散解析解算式的简化条件出发,提出了宽阔、中宽、窄小的分类方法和定义;根据二维可忽略边界反射的条件和达到全断面均匀混合距离小于等于河流宽度的条件,分别求解了河流宽阔与中宽窄小的分区临界关系线和中宽与窄小的分区临界关系线,提出了相应判据的数学表达式;给出了河流宽阔、中宽、窄小的分类判别准则以及各类别河流移流扩散解析解算式的对应关系。最后指出基于环境扩散条件的河流宽阔、中宽、窄小分区是相对的,对于同一河流在不同水力要素、扩散系数、排污强度和允许浓度升高值等条件下,可以得到不同的分区结果。     

喀斯特筑坝河流中生物碳泵效应的碳施肥及对水化学时空变化的影响——以贵州平寨水库及红枫湖为例

耦联水生光合作用的碳酸盐风化碳汇是全球碳循环的重要组成部分,而生物碳泵效应是稳定碳酸盐风化碳汇的关键机制.河流筑坝后,生物碳泵效应的变化、控制因素及对水化学影响的研究甚少.本研究对2个喀斯特筑坝河流平寨水库和红枫湖进行系统采样,以研究河流筑坝后生物碳泵效应的变化、控制因素及对水化学的影响.研究结果表明,入库河流的水化学变化不明显,而2个水库的水化学则表现出显著的季节变化特征,具体表现为水库的水温和pH均呈现出夏季高、冬季低的变化特征,而电导率（EC）、HCO₃^-浓度和pCO₂则表现出夏季低、冬季高的季节变化特征.以叶绿素a（Chl.a）浓度和溶解氧（DO）饱和度指代的生物碳泵效应则是在夏季最强、冬季最弱.生物碳泵效应利用溶解性无机碳（DIC）,形成有机质并释放出氧气,是造成夏季水库pH值和DO饱和度升高,电导率（EC）、HCO₃^-浓度和pCO₂降低的主要因素.空间上,水库的Chl.a浓度及DO饱和度均大于河水,EC、HCO₃^-浓度和pCO₂均小于河水,这表明河流筑坝后,由于水库的“湖泊化”导致水库的生物碳泵效应显著提高.通过对Chl.a与碳、氮和磷浓度及化学计量比的相关性分析发现,平寨水库和红枫湖的生物碳泵效应受到碳施肥的影响.平寨水库和红枫湖水库生物碳泵效应碳施肥机制的发现,表明在喀斯特地区,生物碳泵效应不仅受到氮磷元素的控制,也受到碳元素的控制,因此在富营养化湖泊治理时,也应考虑碳的影响.     

环太湖江苏段入湖河道污染物通量与湖区水质的响应关系

基于2008-2018年环太湖江苏段入湖河道污染物通量及湖区水质数据,从时空变化及相关关系两个方面探讨了入湖污染物通量与湖区水质的响应关系,并分析了污染物进入湖体影响水质的主要因子.结果表明:太湖污染减排已见成效,氨氮、总氮、高锰酸盐指数和化学需氧量入湖污染物通量整体呈下降趋势,年均下降率分别为8.0%、2.0%、1.6%和2.2%,湖体氨氮和总氮时间格局响应较好,年均下降率分别为2.1%和2.3%.湖体氨氮、总氮、总磷、高锰酸盐指数和化学需氧量与入湖污染物通量整体由西北部、西部湖区向东南部、东部湖区递减,空间格局上响应基本一致.全湖区年尺度总氮、氨氮浓度与入湖河道污染物通量分别呈显著正相关、极显著正相关关系;影响湖区总氮、氨氮的主要因子为入湖河道的总氮、氨氮浓度,其次为入湖河道浓度与原湖区水质差值,因此亟需加强入湖河道水质浓度的控制.     

江心洲平衡形态水动力条件的理论分析

江心洲在何种水动力条件下具有稳定的形态一直是河床演变学中的核心问题,采用河道形态变分分析方法,综合分析分汊型河流在水流连续方程、阻力方程、推移质输沙方程和总流能量方程控制下的自动调整机理。以长江中下游两汊不对称的江心洲为研究对象,将其形态概化为规则的等腰三角形,详细数理分析发现,主汊的分沙比大于分流比是这类江心洲达到平衡的必要条件。当分汊河道达到平衡状态时,江心洲的形态会随着汊道间水沙分配比例的调整而变化,且分流比与分沙比越接近,江心洲越窄长。另外,利用长江中游监利汊道的实测水沙资料对理论分析进行验证,结果表明,江心洲形态的理论计算值与相应的实测值符合程度较好,相对误差为9.0%左右。     

神奇美丽的横断山:地壳演化塑造的奇迹——“三江并流”世界自然遗产地形成地质背景浅析

三江并流是反映地球演化主要阶段的杰出代表,区内保存着反映特提斯演化不同阶段和喜马拉雅期陆内造山阶段留下的丰富的地质遗迹,这些地质遗迹为解读三江并流地壳演化的历史提供了重要的依据。有关资料表明,三江并流是与青藏高原和横断山脉一起发育成长起来的,它们均经历了特提斯的演化,并且都是印度板块与欧亚板块强烈碰撞造山作用的产物。本文比较详细地介绍了横断山脉的形成演化过程及其与青藏高原形成演化之间的关系。     

我国典型湖泊及其入湖河流氮磷水质协同控制探讨

入湖河流是外源氮磷输入湖泊的主要途径,是湖泊外源输入控制的关键中间环节.本文主要开展我国一些典型湖泊及其主要入湖河流总氮、总磷浓度对比研究,结合入湖河流氮磷输入对湖体营养水平和富营养化程度的影响分析,初步探讨我国入湖河流与湖体氮磷水质协同控制的必要性和途径.结果 表明,目前入湖河流氮磷水平仍然是我国一些典型湖泊水体氮磷...