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101.
The river Rhine has lain under considerable anthropogenic stress of its water quality for 100 years. As early as 1905 the first results of studies of the plankton in the Rhine were published. Due to the long residence time of the water a real potamoplankton can develop and at the end of the Lower Rhine it reaches its highest density. The paper consists of two parts. At first an overview is given about the history of plankton studies in the Rhine. The second part is the presentation of results from a monitoring at the Lower Rhine from 1979 to 2004.First systematic studies started at the beginning of the 20th century at the beginning of pollution. Our studies started during a phase of recreation from extreme pollution and eutrophication. Samples were taken at four stations: Bad Honnef, km 640, entrance to North Rhine-Westphalia, Düsseldorf, km 732, Duisburg, km 792 downstream large industrial effluents and big cities, Kleve-Bimmen, km 865 at the border to the Netherlands.In the 1970s nutrients were high, especially phosphate 0.65 mg PO4-P L−1 in 1979. After 1980 phosphate dropped to 0.11 mg PO4-P L−1 in 2004 (mean values of the growing season). Ammonia was reduced from about 0.52 (1979) to 0.02 (2004) mg NH4-N L−1. Nitrate remained between 3.72 (1989) and 2.26 (2004) mg NO3-N L−1 at a relatively high level. Oxygen concentrations were very low during the 1960s and 1970s, sometimes only 4 mg L−1 O2. During our studies the oxygen increased up to 9 mg L−1 O2 with a tendency to 11 mg L−1 O2 in the last years. Chlorophyll a was estimated to be between 59 (1979) and 31μg L−1 (1986) with short peaks up to 170 μg L−1 (1989). Since 1992 the mean values have varied between 30 (1993) and 21 μg L−1 (2004).The floristic phytoplankton composition is characterised by the dominance of the centric diatom Stephanodiscus hantzschii. Other diatoms like Skeletonema subsalsum, Skeletonema potamos and Asterionella formosa were regularly present in smaller quantities. The second dominant group was coccale green algae. During the 1980s they formed up to 35% of the biomass. Since the 1990s their contribution to the phytoplankton became much smaller. This change corresponds with the increase of wastewater treatment and the diminution of nutrients. All the other groups of algae were present in minor quantities. During the time of higher trophy in the 1970s and 1980s the phytoplankton formed two peaks, in recent years only one peak has developed, depending on different flow conditions during the growing season and lower trophic state in the upstream parts of the river.Excellent correspondence exists between cell number, biovolume and chlorophyll a content and the results of delayed fluorescence (DF) measurement. The trophic status in the Lower Rhine may be estimated as (moderate) eutrophic. The ecological status of the phytoplankton is good based on the requirements of the European Water Framework Directive (WFD).The zooplankton consists mainly of rotatoria and larvs of Dreissena polymorpha. Grazing on phytoplankton seems to be mainly due to the large quantities of benthic Dreissena and the newly introduced mussel Corbicula. 相似文献
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近15年来长江黄河源区的土地覆被变化 总被引:63,自引:3,他引:60
基于长江黄河源区土地生态分类,利用1986年与2000年两期TM遥感数据的对比和野外实地调查,采用景观生态空间分布格局分析方法,从分布面积变化和类型转移趋向与幅度两方面,分析了江河源区近15年来土地生态系统的空间分布变化与演变格局,结果表明:高寒草地退化显著,较高覆盖度高寒草原与高寒草甸面积减少了15.82% 和5.15%,高寒沼泽草甸分布面积锐减了24.36%;湖泊水域萎缩了7.5%,以长江源区内流湖泊为主;土地荒漠化发展十分强烈,沙漠化土地面积扩展了17.11%,其中黄河源区沙漠化土地年平均扩展率达到1.83%。高寒草原草地的覆盖度下降与荒漠化、高寒草甸草地的覆盖度下降与草原化以及沼泽草甸草地的疏干旱化是区域土地生态系统空间演变的主要趋向,并由此改变了土地覆被的空间分布格局并使该区域生态环境持续恶化。 相似文献
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108.
网状河流和分汊河流的河型归属讨论 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
河流的河道平面形态分类有多种方案 ,其中Rust的分类因为分出了网状河流而得到沉积学家的更多关注。中国地貌学界和水利学界则更关注钱宁的分类 ,其中包括分汊河流。目前 ,许多研究人员把网状河流和分汊河流当作同一类型的河流。文中从河型的定义、河道平面形态、地下沉积物特征、水动力、新河道形成机理和发育的地貌部位等方面对分汊河流和网状河流进行对比 ,根据对比结果认为它们是不同的河型。为了便于沉积学家、水利学家以及地貌学家之间相互交流各自有关河流的研究成果 ,需要提出一个更符合实际的冲积河流分类方案。 相似文献
109.
Janet S. Wright 《The Australian geographer》2000,31(3):333-347
Four types of tufa occur along creeks draining the Oscar Range in the Kimberley region of Western Australia; stream-bed tufa, tufa dams, stream-bed tufa waterfalls, and rimstone pools. Well-developed tufa dam and waterfall formations occur at significant breaks of slope within the channel long profile. This suggests that disruption of the hydraulic flow regime and increased turbulence at these points has an important role to play in determining the location of tufa deposits. However, the best-developed stream-bed tufa deposits are located immediately upstream of dam and waterfall formations, which indicates that the evaporation of water ponded behind these flow obstructions may lead to calcium carbonate precipitation during the dry season. The presence of plant and cyanobacterial communities on, and the incorporation of organic material into, the best-developed tufa formations indicates that biological activity may have an important role to play in determining both the rate of tufa deposition and the internal structure of the resulting accumulations. 相似文献
110.
基于流动单元的辫状河储层沉积微相研究——以王官屯油田官142断块侏罗系储层为例 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2
针对王官屯油田官142断块侏罗系厚储层的特点,以取芯井岩芯分析资料为基础,应用因子分析的方法,将厚约50 m的砂砾岩层划分为13个流动单元,分为A、B、C、D四类.在流动单元划分的基础上,根据各类沉积相标志,将目的层确定为辫状河沉积相,大面积分布的辫状水道、心滩为该区储层沉积的主体.为了进一步精细划分沉积微相,应用各类岩性与泥质体积分数、声波时差、电阻率的交汇图,建立了各类沉积微相-岩石相的岩性、物性、电性划分标准,实现了沉积微相的精细划分.其与流动单元的空间配置关系决定了剩余油分布的差异性.这种基于流动单元划分沉积微相的方法是依据储层渗流性质的差异将储层划分成符合其渗流规律的层系,便于同油田开发的生产层系相结合,从而满足层系开发调整的需要. 相似文献