交通运输对道路两侧土壤及植物的影响研究展望

针对我国汽车工业的快速发展和机动车保有量迅速增加的状况,结合国内外相关研究成果,介绍了交通运输污染物的分类与来源,概述了交通运输对道路周围土壤及植物的影响。根据我国道路交通的实际,探讨了相关领域未来的研究方向,提出应以开发清洁替代能源和深入研究污染物在各环境介质中的迁移转化规律,进而减少污染物对人类的健康损害及筛选对交通运输特征污染物高富集的树种以阻断污染物的迁移为主。     

Acropora coral colonies as microhabitats for sponges in Tayrona National Natural Park,Colombian Caribbean

Sponges are sessile organisms capable of colonizing diverse substrata. In the Caribbean, coral reefs have suffered a drastic decline, and branching corals of the genus Acropora have been widely decimated. On dead coral skeletons and around surviving tissue the settling of sessile organisms can be observed, sponges being common. In order to investigate whether or not sponges have a preference for a particular species of coral, or for specific microhabitats of the colonies, we evaluated species composition, cover, richness and diversity of sponges colonizing the dead parts of still live colonies of the branching corals Acropora palmata and Acropora cervicornis in five locations of the Tayrona National Natural Park in the Colombian Caribbean. Ten colonies of Ac. palmata were quantified in each of the five locations, and eight Ac. cervicornis colonies in each of two locations. Quantification was carried out using video taken within 0.625‐m² photoquadrats. Seventeen sponge species were found, 13 of them associated with Ac. palmata and seven with Ac. cervicornis. Desmapsamma anchorata, Clathria venosa and Scopalina rutzleri were found to be common to all Ac. palmata locations, while De. anchorata occurred in the two Ac. cervicornis locations. On Ac. palmata, encrusting sponges dominated, while on Ac. cervicornis branched and lobed sponges predominated. Significant differences in sponge cover were not found among locations but were observed in the sponge species present. On Ac. palmata the species with highest cover were D. anchorata and Cla. venosa, while on Ac. cervicornis it was De. anchorata. The richness and diversity of sponges were low for both coral species, and their varying distribution can be attributed to the differences in available substrate for attachment, given coral colony morphology; for Ac. palmata, sponges predominated on the underside of the branches, semi‐cryptic areas and colony bases, whereas for Ac. cervicornis, they were located over the entire area of the cylindrical branches. Surviving colonies of Ac. palmata and Ac. cervicornis that are still erect offer additional microhabitats for reef sponges, some of which can be found directly interacting with live coral tissue, further threatening their recovery.     

The effects of plant density of Melastoma malabathricum on the erosion rate of slope soil at different slope orientations

Malaysia’s cut slopes,especially for road lines accommodation,are prone to erosions and landslides.These problems mainly occur due to lack of vegetation cover and strong erosive forces.In addition,the topography factors have also become a major factor affecting soil degradation.Thus,this study is aimed at determining the effects of planting density of a selected species,namely Melastoma malabathricum;one,two,and three seedlings per box,on the erosion rate at selected slopes of different orientation(morning and evening sun) at the Guthrie Corridor Expressway,Selangor.In six months of observation,treatment with three seedlings/box on the morning sun slope showed a lower erosion rate by 69.2%than those with the same treatment on the evening sun slope.In addition,the treatment of the three seedlings recorded at month six(final observation) had the highest reduction of soil saturation level(STL),by 23.6%.Furthermore,the physiological values of the species studied,grown on the morning sun slope,were higher in terms of stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rate by 12.1%and 15.8%(three seedlings/box),respectively.The overall results showed that plant density was inversely related to the STL and erosion rate on the slope.In conclusion,a planting density of three seedlings/box and morning sun orientation gave positive effects on the plant’s physiological performance of the slope,reducing the STL,as well as alleviating the erosion rate of slope soils.     

Holocene environmental change at Lake Njulla (999 m a.s.l.), northern Sweden: a comparison with four small nearby lakes alongan altitudinal gradient

We assess Holocene environmental change at alpine Lake Njulla(68°22N, 18°42E, 999 m a.s.l.) innorthernmost Sweden using sedimentary remains of chironomid head capsules anddiatoms. We apply regional calibration sets to quantitatively reconstruct meanJuly air temperature (using chironomids and diatoms) and lake-water pH(using diatoms). Both chironomids and diatoms infer highest temperatures(1.7–2.3°C above present-day estimates, includinga correction for glacio-isostatic land up-lift by0.6°C) during the early Holocene (c.9,500–8,500 cal. yrs BP). Diatoms suggest a decreasing lake-waterpH trend (c. 0.6 pH units) since the early Holocene. Usingdetrended canonical correspondence analysis (DCCA), we compare the Holocenedevelopment of diatom communities in Lake Njulla with four other nearby lakes(Lake 850, Lake Tibetanus, Vuoskkujávri, Vuolep Njakajaure) locatedalong an altitudinal gradient. All five lakes show similar initial DCCA scoresafter deglaciation, suggesting that similar environmental processes such ashigh erosion rates and low light availability associated with high summertemperature appear to have regulated the diatom community, favouring highabundances of Fragilaria species. Subsequently, the diatomassemblages develop in a directional manner, but timing and scale ofdevelopment differ substantially between lakes. This is attributed primarily todifferences in the local geology, which is controlling the lake-waterpH. Imposed on the basic geological setting, site-specific processessuch as vegetation development, climate, hydrological setting andin-lake processes appear to control lake development in northernSweden.     

土壤—植物—大气系统水分运行的界面过程研究

本文从水文循环的微观角度出发，针对大田土壤－大气系统中的水分运行与转化，研究了ＳＰＡＣ各界面上水分与能量的交换过程，旨在通过各界面上水分运行与生态环境因子相互作用关系，探索各界面水分、能量通量的计算与人工调控的可能途径，为农业节水提供理论依据。     

丹东华能电厂主厂房震害预测

丹东华能电厂主厂房属高层建筑，结构型式复杂。本文采用现场测试与结构反应计算相结合的方法，计算了结构内力与楼层延伸率，最终给出了震害预测结果。     

山西太原尖草坪3.8级地震前合欢树生物电位的异常变化

介绍了 2 0 0 1年 8月 13日山西太原尖草坪 3.8级地震前 ,太钢地震台合欢树生物电位的前兆异常变化 ,指出合欢树对于太原地区的有感地震映震性能较好 ,为进一步研究合欢树震前的异常变化 ,提出应在太原地区多增加一些合欢树地震观测点的建议     

塔里木沙漠公路植物固沙灌溉方式比较研究

在塔里木沙漠公路沿线两侧建立植物固沙体系时首先应确定适宜的灌溉方式。从1998年开始，我们根据不同灌溉方式本身的优缺点与前期试验结果，结合立地条件，在塔里木沙漠公路L292处选择沟灌、畦灌与滴灌进行植物固沙灌溉方式比较试验，对不同灌溉方式植物生长状况、沙层直渍度变化、制度及成本投入比较分析后认为，滴灌不受起伏沙丘地形限制，水利利用效率高，能够保证植物正常生长，且费用最低，因而是塔里木沙漠公路植物固沙的首选灌溉方式。     

应用荧光光谱特征作受害植物判别指标的研究

本文讨论了几种植物在正常、受害及衰老状况下的荧光光谱特征及其变化。结果表明,叶绿素两个荧光峰强度的消长与植物受害程度有着内在的联系,利用这种关系可预测植物长势和进行植物生理状态的研究。