Fast segmentation algorithms for long hydrometeorological time series

A time series with natural or artificially created inhomogeneities can be segmented into parts with different statistical characteristics. In this study, three algorithms are presented for time series segmentation; the first is based on dynamic programming and the second and the third—the latter being an improved version of the former—are based on the branch‐and‐bound approach. The algorithms divide the time series into segments using the first order statistical moment (average). Tested on real world time series of several hundred or even over a thousand terms the algorithms perform segmentation satisfactorily and fast. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Inversion of a Lagrangian time domain random walk (TDRW) approach to one-dimensional transport by derivation of the analytical sensitivities to parameters

Lagrangian approaches are well suited to transport in contrasted media but have been considered irrelevant when inversion is envisioned. The randomness of results for the same transport scenario adds to the rough evaluation by perturbation of the sensitivities, yielding an inaccurate search of parameters. It is shown here how a Time Domain Random Walk (TDRW) method can be inverted by deriving the sensitivities analytically. The calculations are very rapid and provide a precise evaluation of the descent directions followed by a Gauss–Newton optimizer. The method handles advection–dispersion + retention by matrix diffusion or sorption with first-order kinetics and proves its worth in all cases. Since analytical sensitivities are available, calculations are rigorous and allow discussing the inversion feasibility, the accuracy of the sought parameters, according to the predominant mechanism involved in the transport scenario.     

基于互相关函数的单孔法波速测试优化算法

土的剪切波速是岩土工程领域的一个重要参数。建筑场地类别划分、地基饱和砂土液化判别、地震反应分析等都依赖于剪切波速,由于其重要性,对它的测定技术和精确程度应重点研究。针对工程中广泛采用的单孔法剪切波速测试,提出了一种基于互相关函数计算土层剪切波速的优化算法。克服了传统数据处理方法中经常遇到的负波速、波速数值明显过大或过小和同一土层各测点波速差别较大等4种不合理因素,提高了数据分析的精度和效率。     

Third-Order Moment Closure Through A Mass-Flux Approach

The parameterization of the third moments, the flux of the heat flux and the flux of the potential temperature variance, is considered. It is shown that present parameterizations of these moments using the mass-flux approach with a `top-hat' profile assumption lead to a significant underestimation, resulting in an inaccurate representation of second moments in the convective boundary layer. It is also shown that the underestimation is a result of the `top-hat' profileassumption in which the sub-plume contributions to the total fluxes are ignored. By including these contributions a new parameterization is proposed, whichsatisfies the physical requirements of symmetry andrealizability, and gives results that are in fair agreement with thelarge-eddy simulation data.     

矿物材料热膨胀定量计算

热膨胀是矿物材料的重要属性之一 ,它的研究在理论和实际应用中都具有非常重要的意义。热膨胀系数的定量计算可分为经验晶体化学方法和理论计算方法。定量计算是一种有效地获得热膨胀系数的方法 ,也是预测不同温度范围热膨胀系数的有效方法 ,通过定量计算获得大部分矿物的热膨胀系数是可能的。经验晶体化学方法只能获得有关矿物的平均热膨胀数据 ,而单纯的理论模型无法适应所有晶体结构的热膨胀系数的计算。建立在理论模型基础上的热膨胀系数的计算必须应用经验晶体化学方法针对不同结构类型进行有效地调整。这样有必要对热膨胀数据进行分类整理 ,在此基础上根据矿物的热膨胀特性对矿物进行分类 ,然后再针对不同矿物类型采用不同的模型进行计算。     

应用切割单元法对海底管道局部冲刷数值模拟

采用SIMPLEC算法的有限体积法,求解非定常流动的N-S方程,采用k-ω紊流模型,通过模拟均匀无粘性推移质的冲刷和淤积,得到海底管道由搁置在海床上的状态变为悬跨状态这一过程的管道周围局部海床冲刷情况,建立了海底管道局部冲刷的二维数值模型。海底管道从搁置在底床上到冲刷悬空的过程中,管道周围的空间产生了拓扑变化,这给采用贴体网格并在计算过程中进行网格重构的传统方法带来了很大困难,而采用切割单元法,把物体轮廓从静止的背景直角坐标结构化网格中切割出去,计算过程中不需要传统意义的网格重构过程。数值模型预测的海底管道周围局部冲刷结果与Mao的物理模型实验实测结果及Liang和Cheng等的数值模拟结果符合较好,验证了模型的准确性。     

地理学区域研究与区域历史地理学的取向

地理学的区域研究传统由来已久,后形成了独立的分支学科——区域地理学,经历了古代地志的分区书写、区域差异的描述解释、空间关系的定量分析和社会过程的深度建构4 个阶段的发展过程。区域地理学演进中遭遇的计量革命与理论创新,实质上是对传统区域学派过分强调区域所导致的静止、孤立的研究僵局的打破与修正,是区域地理学不断总结和完善自身的发展之路。区域历史地理学的学科性质、研究范式与研究内容和方法深受区域地理学的影响和启发,并形成了连续的地理剖面复原研究、区域的景观文化生态研究、区位与结构—功能体系研究和分区分类分级的综合研究等多个分支。与西方相比,中国区域历史地理学的研究在研究内容和方法方面显得比较滞后,今后应加强对特定地方的社会、文化及经济空间的深度剖析,进一步深化人地关系理论及研究方法,不断拓展研究思维的深度和广度,争取有更多、更有影响力的区域历史地理研究成果问世。     

A probabilistic/deterministic approach for the prediction of the sediment transport rate

In this paper we present a probabilistic/deterministic model for the evaluation of the sediment transport rate in a stream. Starting from Einstein’s theory, the approach was obtained by trying to overcome some of the intrinsic limitations. The approach is based on two distinct probability functions, one relevant to the detachment of grains and the second relevant to the length of particle jumps. The sediment transport rate is obtained by integrating the distribution of the ranges of the particle jumps multiplied by the average particle velocity. The relationship for the average ranges of particle jumps is an opportune combination of the Einstein and Yalin expressions. The final formulation was calibrated by means of a large number of experimental data and also by comparison with some of the most widely-used empirical formulas. The results show a better agreement between theory and experiments than do the other theories analyzed.     

去耦合方法求解非均质地区地下水中多组分反应-运移模型

近些年来地下水中多组分反应-运移模型在地球科学及环境领域开始得到应用,但其求解较为复杂,为了提高计算效率,可以采用去耦合化方法处理,从而使模型求解得到简化。针对自然界中广泛存在的非均质地质体,提出该类条件下的去耦合化方法,即根据水-岩间、水溶组分间反应的不同,将整个研究区划分为若干子区域,获得对应的去耦合化矩阵。对化学场中各子区域间相邻边界进行设定,达到简化模型求解的目的。最后,以一维非均质介质中基于热力学平衡的反应-运移问题作为算例,基于以上方法进行求解,并与该算例经PHAST软件所示的结果较为一致。结果表明,基于去耦合化方法获得的各离子浓度随时间演变和沿空间分布特征与PHAST所示的结果较为一致,显示该方法在非均质区域模拟溶质运移等方面具有较好的适用性。     

Evaluation of displacement‐based vulnerability assessment methodology using observed damage data from Christchurch

On 22 February 2011, Christchurch City experienced a destructive magnitude (Mw) 6.2 aftershock following the main event of magnitude (Mw) 7.1 on the 4 September 2010. Severe damage was inflicted on the building stock, particularly within the central business district (CBD) of Christchurch. The strong motion stations around the CBD region and extensive building damage survey information from the Christchurch City Council provided a unique opportunity to calibrate a theoretical regional vulnerability assessment model developed and refined to be applicable for New Zealand (NZ) buildings. In this study, data from the building safety evaluation survey conducted by Christchurch City Council are synthesised and processed to extract details on building typologies in the CBD region and the colour tagging assigned to each building depending on the degree of damage. A displacement‐based framework is used to carry out vulnerability assessment for Christchurch buildings to estimate damage sustained under the recorded ground motions in the February event. As the damage survey indicators were ‘colour tags’, a mapping scheme has been explored to link the observed colour tagging damage statistics with ‘drift‐based damage limit states’ adopted in the theoretical approach. A sensitivity analysis is carried out to calibrate the mapping scheme, which can provide estimates of proportions of buildings likely to fall in different colour regimes when used in conjunction with the proposed vulnerability assessment methodology. It is shown that the methodology is reasonably robust, thereby increasing the confidence in using this approach to predict seismic vulnerability of building stock in NZ. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.