珠江三角洲湖库水体嗅味物质分布及其去除

采用固相微萃取-气质联用技术对珠江三角洲9个城市共48个湖库水体中的土臭素（GSM）、2-甲基异茨醇（MIB）和2,3,6-三氯苯甲醚（TCA）等5种嗅味物质进行检测,并探讨污水处理厂和自来水厂处理工艺中嗅味物质的浓度变化规律,同时研究强化混凝沉淀工艺对嗅味物质的去除效果.结果表明：珠江三角洲湖库水体中嗅味问题最严重的是广州、佛山、肇庆、东莞、惠州和深圳6个城市,各市湖库的嗅味物质平均浓度为70.93~116.61 ng/L;中山、珠海与江门3个城市的嗅味问题不明显,各市湖库的嗅味物质平均浓度为22.78~58.82 ng/L;珠江三角洲的湖库中浓度最高的嗅味物质是MIB、TCA和GSM,这3种嗅味物质占了嗅味物质总浓度的80.18%~100.00%;污水处理厂和自来水厂中的处理工艺对嗅味物质均有一定的去除效果,嗅味物质的去除主要发生在混凝沉淀阶段;污水处理厂对MIB、TCA和GSM的平均去除率分别为53.55%、57.40%和72.90%;自来水厂对MIB、TCA和GSM的平均去除率分别为64.14%、69.63%和36.86%;强化混凝沉淀实验中,当嗅味物质初始浓度为200 ng/L时,Al₂O₃投加量为13.75 mg/L可使得混凝沉淀工艺对嗅味物质的去除效果最佳且保证铝盐不超标,嗅味物质浓度增大时Al₂O₃投加量也需增大;反应体系的pH值处于5~8时,混凝沉淀工艺对嗅味物质的去除效果最佳;混凝搅拌速率越快,嗅味物质的去除率越高且越快达到稳定.     

东濮凹陷盐湖相烃源岩有机硫同位素分布特征及其地球化学意义

盐湖相烃源岩单体烃硫同位素分布特征和影响因素研究薄弱.采用气相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱,结合色谱/质谱、微量元素以及碳氧同位素技术,对东濮凹陷北部盐湖相烃源岩进行了分析.结果 表明,不同单体含硫化合物的δ34S值有较大差异,以δ34S=25.00‰为界,将烃源岩分成了两类,第一类:δ34S＞25.00‰,主要为卫城地...     

Formation of the salinity minimum in the Mixed Water Region between the Oyashio and Kuroshio Fronts

The salinity minimum frequently occurring in the Mixed Water Region between the Oyashio and Kuroshio Fronts seems to originate from the salinity minimum at the density of 26.8σ_θ called the North Pacific Intermediate Water. We examined water exchange of this region with the Oyashio and the Kuroshio Extension using mixing ratio R_K defined as (θ - θ_OY)/(θ_K - θ_OY) × 100, where θ_OY, θ_K, and θ represent potential temperature of the Oyashio and Kuroshio Waters and their mixture on the isopycnal surfaces, respectively. CTD data were obtained by repeated observation from January 1990 to May 1991. R_K increases southward from the Oyashio Front to the Kuroshio Front with the range of −20 to 120%. The gradient of R_K on the isopycnal surfaces is large around the Oyashio Front above the 26.8σ_θ surface, while it is large around the Kuroshio Front below it. This agrees with the average R_K in the Mixed Water Region decreasing greatly with the increase of density at densities less dense than 26.8σ_θ. We calculated thickness and volume transport of the Oyashio between the isopycnal surfaces near the coast of Hokkaido. They increase largely with density at densities less dense than 26.8σ_θ. It is supposed that the salinity minimum in the Mixed Water Region is the upper limit of the water largely influenced by the Oyashio Water. Its density could depend only on the density structure of the Oyashio.     

浙江沿海贝类体内有机锡化合物分布特征与风险评价

为了探讨浙江沿海贝类体内有机锡的存在形态及分布特征,采用戊基化格氏衍生GC-FPD方法测定了沿海六县(市)采集的双壳贝类体内3种丁基锡和3种苯基锡化合物含量,并采用风险系数法进行了健康风险评价。研究表明,苯基锡是贝类体内有机锡的主要污染物,含量范围为nd~203.6 ng·g^-1(干重),以二苯基锡为主。丁基锡总含量范围为nd~8.2 ng·g^-1(干重),以三丁基锡为主。贝类中贻贝对有机锡的富集能力较强。不同区域贝类体内的有机锡主要来源于海运船舶的防污涂料。健康风险评价结果表明,浙江沿海贝类对食用人群的健康是安全的。     

基于SEM-EDS及GC-MS技术研究有机氯分子结构对零价铜脱氯机制的影响

零价铜作为一种廉价金属很少应用于促进氯代有机物脱氯研究,其原因是零价铜的催化还原脱氯活性差,且反应机制复杂。本文采用机械球磨技术制备了Cu-Fe和Cu-Ni合金,研究零价铜在不同微观环境下对对氯苯酚(4-CP)的脱氯行为,旨在考察有机氯分子结构对零价铜脱氯机制的影响。应用扫描电镜-能谱(SEM-EDS)及色相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)分析发现,铜原子的微环境及有机氯分子结构均影响铜的脱氯机制。在Cu-Fe体系中,Cu遵循经典的催化加氢脱氯机制,4-CP的降解产物为苯酚;Cu-Ni体系的还原作用来源于零价铜,其中的镍金属并未起到催化加氢作用,Cu-Ni合金及单独零价铜对4-CP的降解产物是环己酮。零价铜对4-CP的降解率可达70%以上,而Cu-Fe体系的降解率仅为34%,两者对芳香族氯代物的降解效率差距显著。零价铜能够降解化学稳定性高的4-CP和苯酚,但不能降解化学稳定性相对较差的脂肪族氯代有机物(如一氯乙酸和二氯乙酸),因此认为零价铜脱氯机制并非传统的催化加氢机制,而是遵循直接电子传递还原机制,且有机氯分子的苯环结构是零价铜直接电子传递还原的诱因。     

Desulfovibrio sp.厌氧代谢淮南煤中>C12有机组分的实验研究

从淮南潘北煤矿采取530m深石炭系太原组石灰岩钻孔出水水样和二叠系山西组煤样,开展煤的有机成分与煤系地层地下水的SRB代谢关系实验。从水样中分离纯化出一菌株S890,经基因测序鉴定为脱硫弧菌Desulfovibrio sp.。煤样的甲醇萃取物经气质联用GC-MS仪检测,匹配出21种主要有机化合物,均为C11以上的高级链烃、环烃、芳香烃及其衍生物。选择其中3种有机化合物2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol、2-hexyl-1-Decanol和Naphthalene,2,6-dimethyl-做27d的SRB细菌厌氧培养与底物SO2-4含量与H2S、FeS产生量对比观测试验,发现SRB细菌可有效利用前2种碳源,而Naphthalene,2,6-dimethyl-未被利用。实验结果证实煤系地下水中的SRB生长可以有效地厌氧降解煤中一些较大分子有机化合物。     

Perfluorinated alkyl acids in water, sediment and wildlife from Sydney Harbour and surroundings

Perfluorinated alkyl compounds (PFCs) including perfluorooctane sulphonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) were measured in environmental samples collected from around Homebush Bay, an urban/industrial area in the upper reaches of Sydney Harbour and Parramatta River estuary. Water, surface sediment, Sea Mullet (Mugil cephalus), Sydney Rock Oyster (Saccostrea commercialis) and eggs of two bird species; White Ibis (Threskiornis molucca), and Silver Gull (Larus novaehollandiae) were analysed. In most samples PFOS was the dominant PFC. Geometric mean PFOS concentrations were 33 ng/g ww (wet weight) in gull eggs, 34 ng/g ww in ibis eggs, and 1.8 ng/g ww and 66 ng/g ww in Sea Mullet muscle and liver, respectively. In sediment the PFOS geometric mean was 1.5 ng/g, in water average PFOS and PFOA concentrations ranged from 7.5 to 21 ng/L and 4.2 to 6.4 ng/L, respectively. In oysters perfluorododecanoic acid was most abundant, with a geometric mean of 2.5 ng/g ww.     

煤和泥岩不同温度条件下非烃中咔唑类化合物的演化特征

在密闭体系中,200～450℃的条件下进行了煤和泥岩加水的模拟实验,分析了实验产物非烃中咔唑类化合物的演化特征,并讨论了不同温度条件下非烃中咔唑类化合物的演化的机理.实验结果表明,非烃中咔唑类化合物是沉积有机质成岩过程的产物,其含量和组成受有机质成熟度影响较大.该研究结果不仅加深了对非烃中咔唑类化合物演化机理的认识,而...     

Advances in Air Sparging Technology of Saturated Zone

In situ air sparging involves injecting atmospheric air, under pressure, into the saturated zone to remove those volatile and semi-volatile organic groundwater contaminants and to promote their biodegradation by increasing subsurface oxygen concentrations. Due to the advantages of low cost, high efficiency and in situ constructability, groundwater Air Sparging (AS) technology has been quickly developed in the world recently. Based on the explanation of its remediation principle, literature review is done on the research advancement of air sparging technology mainly from three aspects. First, various methods for determination of the zone of influence and visualization techniques of air flow forms during air sparging are summarized. Then the influence of environmental geological conditions and construction technology parameters on the remediation effect of air sparging is systematically analyzed. Thereafter, two main types of air sparging theoretical models including lumped-parameter model and multiphase fluid flow model are discussed respectively in detail. Finally, based on the problems and difficulties existing in present research and engineering practice, several future tasks such as the enhancement remediation techniques in complex geological sites, microscopic intrinsic mechanisms, and establishment of related design and construction standards which require to be done are briefly analyzed.     

土壤样品中挥发性有机物的提取方法研究

挥发性有机物(VOCs)在土壤样品中残留浓度低且极易挥发,因此测定时选择合适的提取方法十分重要。文章研究优化了土壤样品中包括卤代烷烃、卤代烯烃和苯类的53种VOCs的提取方法。通过比较酸化、甲醇提取剂浓度和提取体积对土壤中挥发性有机物提取效率的影响,建立了使用4 mL 100%甲醇不酸化提取,顶空-气相色谱-质谱联用测定的分析方法,结果表明,0.10μg/g加标土壤53种VOCs的平均回收率为40.45%～119.73%,精密度(RSD,n=7)为1.26%～9.14%;1,1,2,2-四氯乙烷、三氯乙烯的回收率欠佳,主要是由于在碱性土壤条件下1,1,2,2-四氯乙烷分解造成的。该方法简便、快速,提取效果较好。但对土壤标准样品CRM 628-030进行提取,烯烃的回收率偏低,达不到给定区间浓度,且无法控制1,1,2,2-四氯乙烷的分解问题,有待于进一步研究。