Bioprospection of marine actinomycetes: recent advances, challenges and future perspectives

In exploring new sources for economically important products, marine environment draws particular attention because of its remarkable diversity and extreme conditions; it is known to produce metabolic products of great value. It represents untapped source for the discovery of novel secondary metabolites with varying potential such as antibiotic, anti-tumor, antifouling and cytotoxic properties. Marine actinomycetes distributed throughout the marine environment from shallow to deep sea sediments have proved to be a finest source for this discovery. Secondary metabolites derived from marine actinomycetes have proved their worth in industries based on the research on their properties and wide range applications. Spotlight of the review is range of marine based actinomycetes products and significant research in this field. This shows the capability of marine actinomycetes as bioactive metabolite producers. Additionally, the present review addresses some effective and novel approaches of procuring marine microbial compounds utilizing the latest screening strategies of drug discovery from which traditional resources such as marine actinobacteria has decreased due to declining yields. The aim is in the context of promoting fruitful and profitable results in the near future. The recent surfacing of new technologies for bioprospection of marine actinomycetes are very promising, resulting in high quality value added products, and will be de? ning a new era for bioactive compounds with medical and biotechnological applications.     

莱茵衣藻叶绿体型磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶过表达对其储能物质生产的影响

叶绿体型磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶(GAPDH)是莱茵衣藻(Chlamydomonas reinhardtii)光合固碳生产储能物质的关键酶,加深对该酶生物学功能的认识对探索微藻光合固碳有着重要意义。本文首先构建了2种叶绿体型GAPDH过表达转化株,实现了持续稳定和生长偶联2种不同模式的叶绿体型GAPDH的表达;通过对比分析2种转化株与野生株的生长(OD与干重)、叶绿素荧光参数Fv/Fm、碳水化合物含量以及脂肪酸种类与含量的变化规律,考察过表达GAPDH对莱茵衣藻储能物质生产能力的影响。研究表明,过表达叶绿体型GAPDH实现了转化株碳水化合物和脂肪酸产率的明显提升。与野生株相比,稳定过表达GAPDH的转化株不仅能够积累较高含量的碳水化合物,且脂肪酸最大产率提升了55%,最大储能物质产率提升了75%。本研究首次从实验角度证实,莱茵衣藻叶绿体型GAPDH的过表达可显著提升其储能物质生产能力,本研究对基于微藻光合固碳的合成生物学的发展起到推动作用。     

雷氏盐特异沉淀法提取和分离海藻中的季铵化合物

采用了与季铵化合物有高度化学反应特异性的雷氏盐(四硫氰基二氨合铬酸氨 ,Am moniumreinecke,ammoniumtetrathiocyanatodiamminechromate)将季铵化合物从样品中沉淀出来以达到提取和分离的目的。分析结果表明 ,海藻中季铵化合物的含量很丰富 ;绿藻特别是浒苔中的季铵化合物含量最高可达到1.31 %。     

Copper complexing ligands and organic matter characterization in the northern Adriatic Sea

The study on dissolved organic ligands capable to complex copper ions (L_T), surface-active substances (SAS) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the Northern Adriatic Sea station (ST 101) under the influence of Po River was conducted in period from 2006–2008. The acidity of surface-active organic material (Ac_r) was followed as well. The results are compared to temperature and salinity distributions. On that way, the contribution of the different pools of ligands capable to complex Cu ions could be determined as well as the influence of aging and transformation of the organic matter. The L_T values in the investigated period were in the range of 40–300 nmol l⁻¹. The range of DOC values for surface and bottom samples were 0.84–1.87 mg l⁻¹ and 0.80–1.30 mg l⁻¹, respectively. Total SAS concentrations in the bottom layer were 0.045–0.098 mg l⁻¹ in equiv. of Triton-X-100 while those in the surface layer were 0.050–0.143 mg l⁻¹ in equiv. of Triton-X-100. The majority of organic ligands responsible for Cu binding in surface water originate from new phytoplankton production promoted by river borne nutrients. Older, transformed organic matter, possessing higher relative acidity, is the main contributor to the pool of organic ligands that bind copper in the bottom samples. It was estimated that 9% of DOC in surface samples and 12% of DOC in the bottom samples are present as ligands capable to complex copper ions.     

胞外滤液对球等鞭金藻生长速率和胞内生化成分含量的影响

以4个不同生长阶段的球等鞭金藻的胞外滤液为研究对象,研究其对球等鞭金藻藻生长速率和胞内生化成分含量的影响。结果表明,随着胞外滤液老化程度的逐渐增加,藻细胞的生长速率及胞内物质的含量受到越来越强烈的影响,表现为生长速率呈现负值,胞内生化成分的含量降低。即便是补充了足够的营养盐,也无法消除胞外滤液的抑制作用。实验证明,球等鞭金藻在生长过程中产生的抑制物在影响其生长的同时,对胞内物质也有一定的抑制作用。     

Effect of geochemical conditions on fate of organic compounds in groundwater

In situ microcosms were successfully used to study the degradation of a range of organic compounds in two pristine aquifers, one aerobic (Vejen) and one anaerobic (Villa Farm). Degradation and sorption behavior in the laboratory column microcosms packed with Villa Farm sediment was very similar to that in the in situ microcosms. However, when the columns were packed with quartz and equilibrated with aerated Villa Farm groundwater, behavior mirrored that at Vejen, indicating that oxygen rather than sediment or groundwater composition was the critical parameter. The aromatic and polyaromatic compounds (benzene, toluene,o-xylene, naphthalene) degraded under aerobic conditions only. The organochlorine compounds (trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, 1,4-dichlorobenzene and 1,2-dichlorobenzene) showed little or no sign of degradation either aerobically or anaerobically. Interpretation of the data was complicated by strong sorption to the Villa Farm sediment but tetrachloromethane, nitrobenzene, ando-nitrophenol appeared to degrade under anaerobic conditions only. Phenol degraded rapidly under both sets of conditions.     

Assessment of ambient volatile organic compounds (VOCs) near major roads in urban Nanjing, China

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are a major component of atmospheric pollutants in Nanjing, a large city in the east of China. Accordingly, 12-h diurnal monitoring for ten consecutive days was performed adjacent to major roads in five districts, ca.1.5 m above ground level, in April, July and October 2006, and January 2007. The most numerous species of VOCs (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m/p-xylene, o-xylene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, tetrachloromethane, trichloroethane and tetrachloroethane) were selected as the target pollutants for this field study of atmospheric distribution. The eleven VOCs were mostly found in gas phase due to their high vapor pressures. Gas-phase concentrations ranged between 0.6 and 67.9 μg m^− 3. Simultaneously, the levels of those VOCs measured near major roads were associated slightly with their regional background level. For all these areas, as expected, the high traffic area was the highest in terms of concentration. A positive correlation was also found between the VOC levels and traffic density. Our studies also provided VOC distribution, and vertical/horizontal profiles. The results show that traffic-related exposure to VOCs in major road microenvironments is higher than elsewhere and poses a potential threat to pedestrians, commuters, and traffic-exposed workers.     

柴达木盆地西部原油极性化合物特征及其地球化学意义

柴达木盆地西部原油主要形成于高盐强还原环境和有机质低成熟演化阶段。这种特殊成油环境，为研究原油中极性生物标志物示踪作用提供了有利条件。对6个原油胶质馏分硅醚衍生物进行了GC—MS分析，从中检出丰富的脂肪酸、烷基醇、脂肪酸甘油—酯、酰胺和甾烯醇化合物，并且脂肪酸甘油—酯为首次从原油中检出。研究认为，这些生物标志化合物主要来自母源。它们的分布特征为链状化合物以短链组分为主，甾醇主要为C27甾烯醇，指示成油母质主要为菌藻类；高丰度脂肪酸甘油—酯的存在，提出生物油脂是这些原油的重要成油母质。原油中存在不饱和链状化合物及其高的CPI值和甾烯醇都说明原油具有低的成熟度。通过原油极性和烷烃化合物的对比研究，认为成油物质及其低演化产物的可溶有机质胶质组分，对原油的形成可能起了重要的作用。     

吹扫捕集/气相色谱-质谱法测定地下水中30种挥发性有机物

在测定地下水中有机污染物时,捕集阱的填料对分析结果有很大的影响.本文采用吹扫捕集/气相色谱-质谱联用技术,建立了适用于地下水中卤代烃、氯代苯、苯系物等30种挥发性有机污染物的分析方法.对11#捕集阱( VOCARB3000)和10#捕集阱(Tenax/硅胶/碳分子筛)进行比较实验和捕集阱的填料进行选择优化,结果表明,以氮气为吹扫气,11#捕集阱的检出限比10#捕集阱的检出限低,富集效率和响应值更高,更适合分析低含量的地下水样品;Rtx - 502.2毛细柱(60 m×0.32 mm×1.8 μm)对目标组分有更好的分离效果,且柱流失小、色谱峰响应高;利用选择离子扫描方式对目标物进行扫描,采用内标法定量,提高了方法灵敏度,消除了组分的干扰以及整个分析过程中存在的系统误差.方法检出限为0.031 ～0.059 μg/L,精密度(RSD)为1.02％ ～5.19％(n=7),回收率为87.7％ ～118.0％(n=7),各组分相关系数均在0.9991以上.方法操作简便,对环境污染小,可满足大批量地下水中痕量挥发性有机物的分析要求.     

邻菲罗啉对蒙脱石吸附性的影响

为了提高蒙脱石对大分子物质的吸附性,利用邻菲罗啉可与过渡金属离子形成配合物的性质,用两种方法对蒙脱石加以改性。通过测定改性蒙脱石对染料的脱色性及分析XRD图,研究邻菲罗啉的配合物的生成方式对蒙脱石层间结构及吸附性能的影响,并探讨了改性蒙脱石的热稳定性。结果表明,邻菲罗啉能够进一步撑开层间含有过渡金属离子的蒙脱石片层,使层间距明显增大到1.76nm以上;采用过渡金属离子为先驱体,先插入蒙脱石层间、再原位生成配合物的两步法能获得既增大层间距、又提高有序度的良好效果;改性蒙脱石在400℃以下具有很好的热稳定性。