Origin of organic sulphur compounds and sulphur-containing high molecular weight substances in sediments and immature crude oils

The distribution patterns of Organic Sulphur Compounds (OSC), occurring in certain sediments and immature crude oils, were compared with those of the corresponding hydrocarbons. Because of the complexity of the OSC mixtures, they were desulphurized to hydrocarbons (n-alkanes, isoprenoid alkanes, steranes, triterpanes and branched alkanes). The hydrocarbons produced by desulphurization of the OSC exhibited distribution patterns different from those of the hydrocarbons originally present. Therefore reaction of elemental sulphur with these hydrocarbons at elevated temperatures must be considered as an unlikely origin for these OSC. Sulphur incorporation reactions on an intramolecular basis with suitable functionalized precursors at the early stages of diagenesis are probably the major origin for these OSc. Desulphurization of high molecular weight fractions also produced hydrocarbons, dominated by n-alkanes up to C₄₀. Therefore it is assumed that these substances contain n-alkanes, 2,5-dialkyl-thiophenes and -thiolanes linked to each other by sulphur briddges. These findings stronly suggest that sulphur-containing high molecular weight substances are formed by the same sulphur incorporation reactions as OSC, but in an intermolecular fashion.     

中国首台PET机的研制与正电子CT成像的新进展

正电子断面图像是最新的医学影象技术，它是通过研究正电子示踪核素标记的化合物在体内的动态分布，显示人体各部位的功能和代谢变化的图象。本文介绍正电子断层图的原理和应用以及我国科学工作者在推进中国ＰＥＴ研究工作的历程，重点介绍１９９２年以来我国第一台ＰＥＴ仪的研制过程、性能特点、应用概况及发展前景．     

测汞在金矿床深部含矿性评价中的应用

首先介绍了汞化合物的地球化学特征及热释汞测试方法，并以冀西北水晶屯金矿为例，对矿床主要工业矿体的赋存地段（Ⅱ号矿脉），进行了深部含矿性评价。结果表明，不同的汞化合物在评价金矿床深部含矿性中具有很好的指示作用，其评价效果同微量元素评价效果相比有良好一致笥。     

Thermal characterization of natural and synthetic humic substances

Thermogravimetric technique was used for the characterization of natural (humic) and synthetic (melanoidins) substances. The influence of pH on the thermal stability of humic substances was studied. A similarity in thermal behaviour of natural humic substances and of melanoidins (prepared from an excess of sugar) and the unique thermal properties of melanoidins (prepared from basic amino acids) was observed. Thermal behavior of natural and synthetic substances was compared with model compounds of sugar, peptide and kerogen types.     

Ambient air measurements of six bifunctional carbonyls in a suburban area

Low-molecular-weight carbonyl compounds, generated by photochemical reactions in the atmosphere and found in the exhaust of motor vehicles, have recently come to the attention of researchers because some of them are suspected carcinogens or mutagens. Six bifunctional carbonyl compounds were detected and measured in a suburban site 30 km northwest of the Tokyo metropolitan area. Samples were taken on five sunny days between 2 August and 11 August 2003 with a low-volume denuder and three-filter tandem system using O-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl)hydroxylamine (PFBHA) as a sorbent. Bifunctional carbonyls were measured by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry after two derivatization processes with PFBHA and N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)-trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA). The average total (gas plus particle) concentrations were 162.8 ng m^− 3 for pyruvic acid, 113.7 ng m^− 3 for methylglyoxal, 36.0 ng m^− 3 for glycolaldehyde and 58.6 ng m^− 3 for glyoxal.     

The removal of dissolved humic acid during estuarine mixing

A simple method for the determination of dissolved humic acid based on carbon analysis is presented. This method was used to measure the distribution of dissolved humic acids in seven coastal plain estuaries located in the middle-Atlantic United States. Results indicate that 100% of the dissolved humic acid was removed during estuarine mixing, although concurrent measurements of dissolved organic carbon showed either production or conservative behavior in regions of the estuary where humic acid removal was observed. It is apparent from these observations that removal of dissolved humic acid is a minor part of the estuarine transport of dissolved organic carbon.Laboratory experiments carried out by mixing river water with sea water demonstrated that salt-induced removal of dissolved humic acid was insignificant in two of three estuaries studied. These results suggest in situ removal of dissolved humic acid may not be universally caused by increasing estuarine salinity.     

Seasonal variation of particulate organic compounds in atmospheric PM10 in the biggest municipal waste landfill of Algeria

The average composition and seasonal variations of atmospheric organic particulates with respect to n-alkanes, n-alkanoic acid, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs), and nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (N-PAHs) were determined at the biggest municipal waste landfill in Algeria located in Oued Smar, 13 km east of downtown Algiers. Samplings were carried out from August 2002 to February 2003, and organic compounds adsorbed in air particles having an aerodynamic diameter lower than 10 μm (PM₁₀) were characterized using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometric detection (GC/MSD). Total concentrations ranged from 828 to 11,068 ng per cubic meter of air for n-alkanes, from 1714 to 21,710 ng per cubic meter of air for n-alkanoic acids, from 13 to 212 ng per cubic meter of air for PAHs and from 93 to 205 pg per cubic meter of air for N-PAHs. n-Alkanoic acids accounted for 85 and 56% of the total organic composition of the aerosol measured in summer and winter, respectively, were the biggest fraction. The distribution profiles and the diagnostic ratios of some marker compounds allowed to identify the combustion and microbial activity as the major sources of particulate organic pollutants associated with direct emission. The year-time dependence of organic fraction content of aerosol in Oued Smar appeared to be related to average meteorological conditions as well as variability of rate and nature of materials wasted into the landfill.     

岩溶地区垃圾渗透液中36种挥发性有机物的测定

应用吹扫捕集-气相色谱-质谱法测定岩溶地区垃圾渗透液中36种挥发性有机物（VOCs）的含量。获取样品溶液5 mL于吹扫瓶中,利用TELEDYNE TEKMAR型吹扫捕集直接进样,经DB-VRX毛细管色谱柱分离、电子轰击电离（EI）全扫描检测,选择特征离子,再用外标法进行定量测定。结果表明:36种挥发性有机物的质量浓度在1～100 μg·L-1 范围内,与其峰面积呈线性关系,方法检出限在0.03～0.27 μg·L-1 之间,加标回收率在88%～110%之间,相对标准偏差（n=7）在2.32%～6.51%之间。      

下辽河平原地下水中挥发性有机物的污染特征及健康风险评价

挥发性有机物（VOCs）作为重要的化工原料、中间体和有机溶剂,随着人类工农业的发展,其对环境及人类健康的影响日益凸显。下辽河平原作为人口较密集、工业化程度较高的平原地区,地下水的污染随着人类活动不断加剧,对人体健康产生了潜在风险。为了研究下辽河平原地下水中VOCs的污染特征及对人体产生的健康风险,本文利用吹扫捕集-气相色谱-质谱法检测下辽河平原地下水样品中60种VOCs的含量及污染特征并分析其污染来源。通过经口饮用、洗浴呼吸吸入、洗浴皮肤接触三种VOCs的暴露途径计算污染物长期摄入量,采用CSOIL模型评价健康风险。结果表明：采集的24组地下水样品中有20个采样点检出VOCs,样品VOCs检出率为83.3%,在个别采样点萘、苯、1,2-二氯丙烷含量超过《地下水质量标准》（GB 14848—2017）Ⅲ类水的限值（100、10.0、5.0μg/L）,工业源VOCs的排放是研究区地下水VOCs超标的主要来源。地下水样品中VOCs的总致癌风险指数在0～4.0×10^-5之间,总非致癌风险指数在0～0.93之间,均低于US EPA推荐的健康风险评价标准;企业用地周边地下水中的健康风险指数高于农业用地地下水。本研究表明下辽河平原地下水中VOCs检出率相对较高,健康风险处于可接受水平,该结果可为地区地下水工业源VOCs污染监管和治理提供参考。     

Application of sulfur and carbon isotopes to oil–source rock correlation: A case study from the Tazhong area,Tarim Basin,China

Up until now, it has been assumed that oil in the Palaeozoic reservoirs of the Tazhong Uplift was derived from Upper Ordovician source rocks. Oils recently produced from the Middle and Lower Cambrian in wells ZS1 and ZS5 provide clues concerning the source rocks of the oils in the Tazhong Uplift, Tarim Basin, China. For this study, molecular composition, bulk and individual n-alkane δ¹³C and individual alkyl-dibenzothiophene δ³⁴S values were determined for the potential source rocks and for oils from Cambrian and Ordovician reservoirs to determine the sources of the oils and to address whether δ¹³C and δ³⁴S values can be used effectively for oil–source rock correlation purposes. The ZS1 and ZS5 Cambrian oils, and six other oils from Ordovician reservoirs, were not significantly altered by TSR. The ZS1 oils and most of the other oils, have a “V” shape in the distribution of C₂₇–C₂₉ steranes, bulk and individual n-alkane δ¹³C values predominantly between −31‰ to −35‰ VPDB, and bulk and individual alkyldibenzothiophene δ³⁴S values between 15‰ to 23‰ VCDT. These characteristics are similar to those for some Cambrian source rocks with kerogen δ¹³C values between −34.1‰ and −35.3‰ and δ³⁴S values between 10.4‰ and 21.6‰. The oil produced from the Lower Ordovician in well YM2 has similar features to the ZS1 Cambrian oils. These new lines of evidence indicate that most of the oils in the Tazhong Uplift, contrary to previous interpretations, were probably derived from the Cambrian source rocks, and not from the Upper Ordovician. Conversely, the δ¹³C and δ³⁴S values of ZS1C Cambrian oils have been shown to shift to more positive values due to thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR). Thus, δ¹³C and δ³⁴S values can be used as effective tools to demonstrate oil–source rock correlation, but only because there has been little or no TSR in this part of the section.