Mountain wave motions determined by the Esrange MST radar

A European campaign of ground-based radar, lidar and optical measurements was carried out during the winter of 1996/1997 (28 December–2 February) to study lee waves in the northern part of Scandinavia. The participants operated ozone lidars, backscatter lidars and MST radars at ALOMAR/Andoya and Esrange/Kiruna, and an ALIS imaging system in Kiruna. The Andoya site was generally windward of the Scandinavian mountains, the Kiruna site on the leeward side. The goal of the experiment was to examine the influence of lee waves on the formation of Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs). This paper studies the radar data from MST-radar ESRAD located at Esrange [68.°N, 21.°E], i.e. in the lee of the mountains. We present three cases where strong lee waves were observed: in one case they propagated upwards to the lower stratosphere and in the other two cases they were trapped or absorbed in the troposphere. We examine the local waves and the direction and strength of the local wind using the radar, the synoptic meteorological situation using weather maps (European Meteorological Bulletin) and the synoptic stratospheric temperatures using ECMWF data. We observed that waves propagate up to the stratosphere during frontal passages. When anticyclonic ridges are present, the propagation to the stratosphere is very weak. This is due to trapping of the waves at or below the tropopause. We also show that the radar data alone can be used to characterise the different weather conditions for the three cases studied (through the variation of the height of the tropopause). The synoptic stratospheric temperatures in the three cases were similar, and were above the expected threshold for PSC formation. Lidar and visual observation of PSCs and nacreous clouds, respectively, showed that these were present only in the case when the lee waves propagated up to the lower stratosphere.     

震前电磁辐射信息异常探讨

根据本台几年来电磁波观测资料分析表明:电磁辐射信息在地震前有平静—加强—平静然后发震的特征。本文结合观测资料对电磁波理论分析进行初步讨论。     

地震电磁辐射数字化观测方法及异常信号分析

地震电磁辐射观测对短临预报非常有意义,讨论了以计算机为核心的数字化观测系统的可行性与必要性,并给出了实际观测系统的设计方法。数字化系统具有观测灵敏度高,便于观测信号的实时分析识别,便于应用算法提取短临预报的有用信息和便于观测台网间数据交流与处理等优点,基于对观测信号的时域,频域分析的比较,给出干扰信号与异常电磁辐射信号的判别方法。     

Generalised relative and cumulative response functions for electromagnetic induction conductivity meters operating at low induction numbers

Relative and cumulative analytical response functions have been widely used as a powerful tool for forward modelling and interpretation of measurements obtained by electromagnetic induction conductivity meters operating at low induction numbers for one‐dimensional layered earth models. These well‐known functions were derived and should be used for the instruments laid on the surface of the earth. In this paper, we extended the response functions and obtained new generalised analytical expressions, which can be used for instruments carried at any height from the surface. The proposed new equations were compared with numerically constructed functions, obtained using the full solution of Maxwell's equations, and proved to be in very good agreement at low induction numbers. Quantitative analyses of the behaviour of the relative response and the depth of investigation of electromagnetic induction instruments, when raised from the ground, could also be done using the generalised functions.     

我国深地资源电磁探测新技术研究进展

诸多研究表明我国深部资源潜力巨大,但目前的开发开采深度普遍停留在500 m以浅,开展"攻深探盲"是构建国家资源安全体系的有效途径.应用最先进的科学技术手段,提取深部地质信息,已成为我国当前地球物理科学研究的发展方向.作为地球物理学的重要分支,电磁法是矿产资源探查的主体手段之一.在分析我国现阶段航空、地面及海洋电磁探测技术进展的基础上,本文重点说明了极低频电磁法（简称WEM法）,多通道瞬变电磁法（简称MTEM）和电性源短偏移瞬变电磁法（简称SOTEM）等电磁探测新技术.WEM法建立一套包括岩石层、大气层和电离层在内的全空间电磁传播理论,通过新研制的观测系统,获取地下10 km的地电信息;MTEM方法是地下埋深4 km目标体精细勘查的有效手段;SOTEM实现地下1.5 km深度范围内目标体的精细探测.通过多种电磁探测技术组合,可实现地下10 km深度范围内多尺度探测,达到"望远镜+放大镜+显微镜"探测效果.同时,本文指出进一步研发与新方法配套的装备、资料处理技术和大数据人工智能识别等将是我国电磁法未来的发展方向.     

基于地震电离层现象研究结果的分析与总结

地震电离层现象作为地震事件在电离层中的物理表象,随着观测资料的积累不断地被发现和报道。大量研究结果表明,地震电离层现象复杂多样,难以捕捉和确认。本文针对主要的地震电离层现象进行简要介绍,并依据研究参量、地震事件的震级、异常出现的时间、异常的空间方位以及异常的正负等要素,对以往的地震电离层现象进行分类总结,尝试从现有研究结果中挖掘地震电离层异常出现在震前的天数与震级的关系、异常空间分布方位及频次、正负异常的震中距与震级的关系,探索地震电离层异常现象在时间上的变化特征和空间上的分布特征。     

用于陆上宽频地震采集的设备及应用实例

宽频带、宽方位、高密度地震数据采集是近年地震勘探的重要发展方向,随着现代电子设备的可靠性大幅度提高,使得"两宽一高"采集技术得以推广应用。本文重点介绍陆上地震采集可控震源设备(Nomad系列)和数字检波器(DSU1-508)针对采集需求所做的技术改进,如何在保证生产效率、降低采集成本的前提下,使高密度采集成为可能,并满足深层勘探和高精度勘探的需求。通过分析高密度采集数据的处理结果并与常规采集效果进行对比,结果表明新一代设备在拓宽频带,提高分辨率的同时,极大地改善了成像质量。     

矿化度界面对震电测井波场的影响

震电测井的现场试验中测得电磁首波幅值大于伴随电场幅值,这种情况在前人的理论模拟和模型井测量中从未出现.本文研究矿化度界面对震电测井波场的影响,基于Pride方程和边界连续条件模拟了震电测井波场,其中井外孔隙地层可以视为均匀的或者是径向分层的.计算结果表明:对于均匀孔隙地层,当井内流体矿化度大于井外地层孔隙流体矿化度时,电磁首波幅值可以比伴随斯通利波的电场幅值还大;井内流体矿化度与井外地层孔隙流体矿化度的比值越大,电磁首波相对伴随斯通利波的电场的幅值越大.对于径向分层地层,当井内流体矿化度大于内层地层的孔隙流体矿化度时,电磁首波幅值可以比伴随斯通利波的电场幅值还大;当外层地层矿化度小于内层地层矿化度时,电磁首波幅值可以比伴随斯通利波的电场幅值还大;增加内层地层厚度,电场全波幅值减小,电磁首波相对伴随电场的幅值减小.本文的模拟结果表明,震电测井中确实会出现电磁首波幅值比伴随电场幅值还大的情况,这对于解释震电测井的测量结果具有指导意义.     

含起伏地形地层中点源激发的震电响应研究

地震诱导电磁现象是国内外地学领域十分关注的前沿问题,前人对地震波和电磁场耦合波场的认识主要是基于规则模型获得的.为研究含起伏地表和地下界面的地层中震电波场激发、传播特性,本文采用有限元软件COMSOL Multiphysics模拟点震源激发的电磁场.首先给出频率域二维SHTE模式震电耦合方程组,然后利用COMSOL软件建立计算模型,并求解出点力源激发震电波场的频率域响应,最后利用FFT变换得到地震波场和电磁场的时间域波形.模拟结果表明,震电波场中存在三种类型的电磁信号,第一种是震源直接激发的电磁波;第二种是地震波在分界面处激发的电磁波(包括自由表面、地下不同介质分界面);第三种是伴随地震波的同震信号,前两种电磁波比地震波更早到达远处观测台站,对地震预警有重要意义.此外,研究还发现:当地震波传播至地表并沿着地表传播时,在地表附近空气层中同样记录到了伴随地震波传播的电磁扰动信号,该信号与相同水平源距条件下、地下观测点接收到的电磁信号相同,这与前人的一些观测结果相符.本文研究结果为今后地震电磁信号的解释提供了理论证据.     

时频方向谱分析在海洋电磁数据处理中的应用

海底采集到的电磁数据按照其主要包含的信息及研究目的大致可分为海洋可控源电磁场(CSEM)信号、天然场源大地电磁场(MT)信号、海洋环境电磁场信号以及其他随机干扰信号.常常通过计算功率谱密度、时频分析和极化分析的方法研究海洋电磁场特征.本文介绍一种新方法——时频方向谱分析法及其在实测海洋电磁数据处理中的应用,该方法能够在一定的时间-频率尺度上有效分辨场源信号的运动方向.对于海洋CSEM数据,利用该方法可以估算发射源的运动方向,进而在发射源或采集站方位信息缺失情况下,实现海洋CSEM数据的旋转电性轴处理.对于海洋电磁数据,利用该方法可以详细分析海水运动感应电磁场的信号特征.