地壳介质弹性和电性各向异性研究的新进展

分析了地壳介质各向异性研究的现状，指出了弹性和电性各向异性研究中存在的问题，提出了联合利用弹性和电性各向异性研究地球介质特征及提取物性参数的正反演方法．理论研究和地震过程的实际资料表明，将弹性和电性结合起来研究地壳介质各向异性具有清晰明确的物理意义，是各向异性研究的一个非常有发展前景的新领域。     

Space-time mapping of soil salinity using probabilistic bayesian maximum entropy

The mapping of saline soils is the first task before any reclamation effort. Reclamation is based on the knowledge of soil salinity in space and how it evolves with time. Soil salinity is traditionally determined by soil sampling and laboratory analysis. Recently, it became possible to complement these hard data with soft secondary data made available using field sensors like electrode probes. In this study, we had two data sets. The first includes measurements of field salinity (EC_a) at 413 locations and 19 time instants. The second, which is a subset of the first (13 to 20 locations), contains, in addition to EC_a, salinity determined in the laboratory (EC_2.5). Based on a procedure of cross-validation, we compared the prediction performance in the space-time domain of 3 methods: kriging using either only hard data (HK) or hard and mid interval soft data (HMIK), and Bayesian maximum entropy (BME) using probabilistic soft data. We found that BME was less biased, more accurate and giving estimates, which were better correlated with the observed values than the two kriging techniques. In addition, BME allowed one to delineate with better detail saline from non-saline areas.     

多孔介质非饱和导水率预测的分形模型

多孔介质非饱和导水率是地下水污染预测与评价的重要参数。根据分形几何的基本原理和方法,推导出了与Campbell经验公式在形式上完全一致的多孔介质非饱和导水率的预测公式。公式中的幂指数为介质孔隙分维和随机行走分维的函数,分别体现了多孔介质的静态性质与动态性质对其中水分运动的影响,但静态性质的影响是主要的,即导水率主要受多孔介质的结构控制。根据文献中报道的大量数据,利用笔者推导的预测公式计算得到的幂指数的统计值与试验测定的幂指数的统计值基本一致,说明推导的理论公式预测多孔介质非饱和导水率是较为可靠的。     

"渗流-管流耦合模型"的物理模拟及其数值模拟

井孔 -含水系统问题是当今水文地质学最重要的研究课题之一。长期以来 ,水文地质模型中对井孔的刻画基本上都是引用“热传导”中的“线汇”理论 ,需要人工预先给定线汇 线源的流量或水头的分配 ,其正确性或适用性至今没有得到理论证明。陈崇希 (1993 )提出的“渗流 -管流耦合模型”和“等效渗透系数”在理论上已解决多个水文地质问题 ,也用于几个实例 ,本文再用物理模拟检验其可靠性。论文针对具有典型意义的河床下水平井或傍河垂直井地下水流问题做了砂槽物理模拟 ,并用基于“渗流 -管流耦合模型”和“等效渗透系数”的数值方法仿真模拟了此条件下地下水流的规律。成果表明 ,数值模拟观测孔水头动态相当好地再现了物理模拟结果。论文指出了“渗流 -管流耦合模型”和“等效渗透系数”在井孔 -含水系统问题上的广泛应用前景。     

我国主要金矿类型中黄铁矿"电子-空穴心"特征及影响因素

通过对我国主要金矿类型中黄铁矿导电类型的分析表明，黄铁矿“电子。空穴心”与金矿床的成因类型具有密切的联系，华北地台太古代变基性火山岩中的金矿床(绿岩带型)、热水淋滤型(卡林型)金矿床，黄铁矿多为单一的“电子心”型导电。大多数产于中生代岩体中的中深脉状金矿、火山次火山岩中的金矿床，黄铁矿为“电子心”、“空穴心”混合型导电，个别的为单一的“空穴心”导电。黄铁矿的“电子．空穴心”受杂质成分As、Co、Nl在成矿背景中的丰度，进入黄铁矿品格中的替代能力的差异、补偿类质同象现象、成矿时温度以及．f(S2)等多种因素的耦合制约。     

Signatures in flowing fluid electric conductivity logs

Flowing fluid electric conductivity logging provides a means to determine hydrologic properties of fractures, fracture zones, or other permeable layers intersecting a borehole in saturated rock. The method involves analyzing the time-evolution of fluid electric conductivity (FEC) logs obtained while the well is being pumped and yields information on the location, hydraulic transmissivity, and salinity of permeable layers. The original analysis method was restricted to the case in which flows from the permeable layers or fractures were directed into the borehole (inflow). Recently, the method was adapted to permit treatment of both inflow and outflow, including analysis of natural regional flow in the permeable layer. A numerical model simulates flow and transport in the wellbore during flowing FEC logging, and fracture properties are determined by optimizing the match between simulation results and observed FEC logs. This can be a laborious trial-and-error procedure, especially when both inflow and outflow points are present. Improved analyses methods are needed. One possible tactic would be to develop an automated inverse method, but this paper takes a more elementary approach and focuses on identifying the signatures that various inflow and outflow features create in flowing FEC logs. The physical insight obtained provides a basis for more efficient analysis of these logs, both for the present trial and error approach and for a potential future automated inverse approach. Inflow points produce distinctive signatures in the FEC logs themselves, enabling the determination of location, inflow rate, and ion concentration. Identifying outflow locations and flow rates typically requires a more complicated integral method, which is also presented in this paper.     

Statistical and geostatistical features of streambed hydraulic conductivities in the Platte River, Nebraska

This paper presents streambed hydraulic conductivities of the Platte River from south-central to eastern Nebraska. The hydraulic conductivities were determined from river channels using permeameter tests. The vertical hydraulic conductivities (K _v ) from seven test sites along this river in south-central Nebraska belong to one statistical population. Its mean value is 40.2 m/d. However, the vertical hydraulic conductivities along four transects of the Ashland test site in eastern Nebraska have lower mean values, are statistically different from the K _v values in south-central Nebraska, and belong to two different populations with mean values of 20.7 and 9.1 m/d, respectively. Finer sediments carried from the Loup River and Elkhorn River watersheds to the eastern reach of the Platte River lowers the vertical hydraulic conductivity of the streambed. Correlation coefficients between water depth and K _v values along a test transect indicates a positive correlation – a larger K _v usually occurs in the part of channel with deeper water. Experimental variograms derived from the vertical hydraulic conductivities for several transects across the channels of the Platte River show periodicity of spatial correlation, which likely result from periodic variation of water depth across the channels. The sandy to gravelly streambed contains very local silt and clay layers; spatially continuous low-permeability streambed was not observed in the river channels. The horizontal hydraulic conductivities were larger than the vertical hydraulic conductivities for the same test locations.